Biography And History: Harriet Jacobs The Life Of A Slave Girl :: essays research papers

Biography and History Harriet Jacobs The Life of a Slave GirlTo be a good writer, you must posess a careful equilibrium between detachmentand association, a delicate waltz where you are non so wrapped up in the eventsof a story that it alienates the reader, and yet not so far separated from the subjugate matter that the readers cannot get into it. This is espectially thecase in an autobiographical narrative. In this case, it is very difficult todetach yourself from the main subject matter, that is, yourself. Yet it mustremain a story, and the story at its heart is a reconstruction of facts from thememory of the author. In the case of Harriet Jacobs, it was also important thatshe sort out sure the readers unders alsod slavery from a womans perspective. Thehardships she had to endure not only entailed the work and the punishments, butalso the sexual aspect of being a slave-girl. Her designate is difficult, because inorder for the reader to really understand her position as a woman and a slave,she must make the story extremely personal. If it is too personal, however, thereader looses sight of the bigger picture, and does not relate all thesehardships to the condition of the general female slave. She accomplishes thisin two ways, through her writing sprint, and the writing content.The style that the novel is written varies from a dialogue to a narrative,depending on the subject matter being written about. For example, the dialoguewhere Mrs. Flint confronts Linda (Jocobs) and asks her what has been going onwith her preserve is handled very effectively, because as a conversation betweentwo people, we are able to pick up on the nuances of meaning. Also, it makes thesituation seem to the reader as very exhilarating, because we dont know whatsgoing to happen next. Two paragraphs later, though, the story has turned backinto narrative, because Jacobs is trying to examine the entire situation in herpresent day, as a free woman. She has to be detached from the conve rsation inorder for her to draw any conclusions. The conclusion she draws is that eventhough they are in antithetic circumstances, (Linda is a slave and Mrs. Flint isher mistress), they both have a shared problem as women -- that is, the problemsof infedelity. This general topic cannot be dealt with effectively unless it isdone at a distance, looking back with the experience she has gained.Jacobs does this a lot -- she takes her own present-day experiences and

Australia :: History

AustraliaThe Lusitanian were the first to discover the East Coast of AustraliaIn Australian history books, it has been thought for hundreds of years that Captain stimulate from England was the first to discover the east coast of Australia on 28th April 1770. However latest evidence shows that this historic event is inaccurate. A number of relics and remains allow been found which indicate the Lusitanian arrival at Australia in the early to mid 1500s, 200 years before Cook. These clues include the Mahogany Ship, a Portuguese caravel that was shipwrecked six miles west of Warrnambool a stone house at Bittangabee Bay the Dieppe map, a secret map drawn by the Portuguese a shank and five keys found in Geelong. The shipwreck of Mahogany Ship remains Warrnambools first shipping disaster. The Mahogany Ship is believed to be a Portuguese caravel lost in 1522 in Warrnambool under the command of Cristovao de Mendonca. Prince Henry, the ruler of Portugal at that time, had sent Mendonca and his man to Australia in order to discover unfound land on the some other boldness of the world that he had located on the French Map, the Dieppe Map that the Portuguese had stolen and copied. Many population believed that the world was a flat saucer tho Prince Henry believed that the world was a sphere. Prince Henry wanted to find out if there was in fact such land over the other side of the world as Australia, if it was inhabited and if there was any treasure or valuable things there. This journey had to be kept a secret because the Portuguese were time out an agreement that they had made with the Spanish. The agreement stated that the Spanish and Portuguese had half of the world each to explore but they could not explore past their boundaries. Mendonca and his crew set out from Portugal in the 1500s to find out about this new territory. Unfortunately the Mahogany ship was shipwrecked at Warrnambool in Victoria, Australia. Twenty-seven people reported that they saw the Mahoga ny Ship sink however no one ever found the remains of the caravel. It has been believed that a great storm uttermost(a) century had buried the ship in sand, under sand dunes, but also the last timbers might have been burnt by whalers and locals who were in invite of firewood.In July 1999, Mr. Des Williams discovered some wood buried three metres underneath the sand dunes between Warrnambool and Port Fairy.

Relationships in Norman MacLeans A River Runs Through It Essay

Relationships in Norman MacLeans A River Runs Through ItEventually the watcher joined the river, and there was only one of us. I believe it was the river. The river that Norman Maclean speaks of in A River Runs Through It works as a connection, a tie, holding together the relationships between Norman and his acquaintances in this remote society. Though It is neer outwardly defined in the novella there is definite evidence It is the personality of the people and that the river is running through all(prenominal) individual personality acting as the simple thread connecting this diverse group of people. With the help of the river these Montana residents are able to teach as well as learn from each other. Since the time of the Indians, fathers have been teaching sons the ways of the river and the Maclean family is no different. Paul and Norman learn from a young age first how to pray, read the Bible, and then fly fish from their father. For the Maclean family there is no c lear line between religion and fly- angle and their father is a Presbyterian preacher who incorporates all these lessons into the river. He carefully transitions from cogent them about Christs disciples being fishermen to teaching them to approach the art (of fly- fish) Marine- and Presbyterian- style alongside the river. Along this river his sons receive as many hours of instruction in fly fishing as in all other spiritual matters making the river a pivotal part of everyday life. Although Paul was three years younger than Norman?he was already far ahead in anything relating to fishing by their early teens. Paul quickly passes Norman and his father in skillful fishing but more than that he acquired more style. His father... ...y and as expected Norman is blamed for Neal. Norman is able to put his anger quickly behind him however, when he and Paul go on a fishing trip to recuperate. He looks to fishing for the healing effects of the cool waters of the river. He quickl y becomes confounded in his fishing, so completely that he becomes totally composed of thoughts about the Elkhorn River, the weather, and a mythological fish and not a single thought of his dying(p) anger. Characters are bound to each other by the river and through their common love of the river. Sometimes the only thing they have in common is this correlative love. This Montana community is entwined in the river that runs through it. All the characters obviously feel the same as Norman when he says I also became the river.Work CitedMacLean, Norman. A River Runs Through It. University of Chicago Press, 1989.

information management training :: essays research papers

University InternationalTrying to find a qualified Chief Information smudger (CIO) these days can be a actually daunting task. The requirements span across many different disciplines, therefore the perfect candidate must produce a resume that displays a very quaint blend of formal training and actual experience.Many CIO job descriptions read as follows The Chief Information Officer is responsible for providing the vision, leadership, planning and management for the development, acquisition, instruction execution and support of information technology. Must partner with management team to align company information technology with strategic direction and build and develop the IT make-up processes and procedures to support business needs. Plans, directs and manages the IT department in order to ensure the development and implementation of cost effective systems and efficient computer operations to meet electric current and future decision making requirement. The Chief Information Officer is ultimately responsible for development, implementation, and maintenance of application systems, operation and the centralized data processing center, ecesis and maintenance of a standard charge-out distributing system for Information Technology Department (ITD) services, and maintenance of acceptable service levels for City user department. The Chief Information Office oversees a continuous program of education and research to ensure City-wide standards are maintained and the cost effective utilization of ITD resources. Work is performed with considerable independence and judgment, crush to review on the basis of results achieved, under general direction of a Deputy City Manager. The requirements to fill these types of positions vary based on the type of governing that is hiring. The variance usually comes ion the form of long time required versus disciplines. Simply put most organizations want the same type of background however the number of years varies. Some of th e prerequisites to fill these types of positions areEducationBachelors/Masters Degree in Computer Science or related fieldBachelors/Masters Degree in Business Management/AdministrationExperience7-10 years experience in IT management5 years experience in business managementIn addition to the requirements above a CIO must have solid people skills, this is something that isnt really taught. CIOs are at a constant crossroad. They have to satisfy everyone, which is basically an impossible task. As I stated earlier in this paper a good CIO is difficult to find many organizations even off for a person they feel they can develop and groom to be the CIO they want. A new poll of chief information officers (CIOs) conducted by the CIO Executive CouncilTM (founded by IDGs CXO Media Inc.

celebrities :: essays research papers fc

There are many people who believe that celebrities only think about themselves and that they arent pertain with anyone elses problems. To me a Hero is some one that you can look to and who inspirers you to be a better person. A celebrity is someone who gets paid a lot of money to pretend to be a hero. There are many problems that face America today such as hunger, poverty and close to importantly War. Contrary to popular belief there are several celebrities who are concerned and that fagate millions of dollars to charities and there are some who run their take charities. They include multimillionaire Bill Gates, talk-show host Rosie ODonnell and Louis Armstrong. Bill Gates- created benevolence donates million to fight hepatitis, is the headline of Hepatitis Weekly magazine. Multimillionaire Bill Gates donated 37.5 million dollars to help daintiness Hepatitis B in China, where two-thirds of the population is infected with this lethal disease. The money will be used in buying va ccines to immunize newborn children in ridiculous areas. Approximately 400,000 people in China die from liver Cancer and other ailments caused by the disease (Bill 1).Talk show host Rosie ODonnell gets 1,000 dollars donated to her charity for every time a guest on her show gives her a kiss. The money is donated from Listerine Mouthwash they ended up contributing 500,000 dollars to her All For Kids presentation. 200 computers and 50,000 dollars were donated to the Toys for Tots foundation from the chief executive officer of Leap Frog, which is a company that produces computerized toys that teach children math, science and spelling. After September 11, she donated 1 million dollars to the American Red Cross, other million to a fund that benefits the families of firefighters who were killed in the tragedy (Domenica 3).His late wife founded the Louis Armstrong Foundation in 1969. The program is designed to help with fostering programs, workshops and lectures on symphony history. It also helps in funding and supports the Louis Armstrong schools in Queens for musical education, jazz workshops and the school libraries (Louis 3).In conclusion, although there are some celebrities who are selfish and dont care about others, there are some who do. The ones that do, give as much as the can to help others make their lives better.

Disagreement Between Me and My Teacher

It is commonly affirm it offn that disagreement is something that can non be pushed away. It is something that is usual to everybodys life. Without disagreement people testament not receipt and measure how important one psyche to others or how things work or does not work. Just like what happen betwixt me and my teacher when I was in my high school, it was a long time ago merely still the lessons I learned from it comes with me in my daily life inside my classroom. Students and teachers disagreed on what is rattling organism evaluated when a teacher gives a scholar a descriptor (Goulden and Griffin, 1997).Students are emotionally invested in their grades and can have different emotional reactions to their receipt. For example, a student may feel pride, disappointment, desperation, helplessness, humiliation, relief, hatred, resignation, etc. Depending on what attributions are made, students may be more probable to experience a specific emotion. For example, when a grade is n egative, an internal, firm and controllable cause may illicit feelings of guilt, whereas an internal, firm and uncontrollable (for instance, lack of ability) could cause feelings of shame.On the other hand, an external, uncontrollable cause may illicit feelings of disappointment, an parlous cause feelings of uncertainty and external, controllable causes feeling of anger. It was the time when my teacher gave me a bad grade. It was just simple leaven writing. My teacher told us to compose an essay with a differentiateicular topic. I happily do the paper but unfortunately my teacher did not like what I composed and give me a bad grade. Grades are important to me as a student. For me grades are seen as anything from an evaluation of my personal character to an outlook of my future success.I felt angry at that time. I thought that I was not beloved enough to be her student I felt that I have done my originate, my best but still my best is not enough. It felt so degrading. A negativ e grade that is expected is not a joyful occasion for me, but a negative grade that is unexpected is a more disturbing situation. Students usually have an idea of what a fair grade is for the work that they have done. If my expectation of a fair grade is not met, I get very confused and angry. When she is giving me my grade, at that time I had the belief that I was being evaluated on my learning in the classroom.For me as a student that grade in a piece of paper is a representation of me, of what I have learned in the school. I can not help my self but to confront my teacher for giving me such a bad grade. What was her reason of my grade? What did I do wrong? At first I was not being able to speak I do not know where to begin until she spoke and asked me What is it about? I told her that the grade she has given me seems to be unfair. She asked me to sit down and explained to me something. She said that she as a teacher agreed importantly that grades usually do not correspond with h ow much a student has learned.Grades may or may not be an accurate reflection of student learning. She explained to me that even I got a bad grade it does not mean that I am less intelligent than my classmates it just that I have not explained or elaborated more with my essays. That at the moment when I was doing my paper I may not be prepared or concentrating well enough. in that respect can be so many reasons. She said that I have all the time to show and prove my intelligence to my fellow students. Grades are construe by me as something different than teachers intend them to be.From that moment I have realized that I must not feel less a person because of a bad grade. It go away not be a representation of my whole personality as a person. It may be a part of me that needs to be developed. I just have to think of it as a step to my achievement. Knowing a thing that you are not good at is a step for learning. Start feeding your mind with information concerning the matter. Try to be knowledgeable with it. In due time without knowing it, you will gain knowledge that is more than what you aspire for.Students also have responsibilities with regard to their learning, which increase as they advance through their growth. Students who are enthusiastic to make the endeavour required and who are able to apply themselves will soon discover that there is a direct relationship between accomplishment and hard work, and will be motivated to work as a result. There will be few students, on the other hand, who will find it more intricate to take responsibility for their learning for the reason of the special challenges they face, which may include lack of support and other difficulties in the home or environment in which they are growing up.For these students, the attention, patience, and encouragement of teachers can be extremely important factors for success. However, regardless of their circumstances, learning to take responsibility for ones progress and learning is a n important part of education for all students. I have realized that when a conflict exists between a student and a teacher, it takes a non-homogeneous form, and depends on various issues, than a romantic or workplace conflict.When a teacher gives a grade, s/he may be thinking that the grade communicates an evaluation of a certain product of work on the other hand, a student may feel that the grade represents a judgment of him/herself as a person. Conflicts between teachers and students regarding grade are likely for the reason that the teacher and student come from such different perspectives. I dont think grades ever tell the whole humbug about a student. I think every student is more than their grades. Students have a social life. Students have time-demanding after-school activities and maybe even a home life that stresses students out from time to time.

Abigail in Act One Essay

Act One. Discuss in detail how you would direct either Reverend Parris or Abigail in Act One. Refer to voice, movement, gesture and facial expression in your essay explore the relationship between your chosen char lay outer and the others on stage, commenting on their emblematic representation within the play. Arthur Miller was born in New York in 1915 and brought up in the Brooklin area. He won an award for his first play called the rotter still grows. His first real success was with a play called All my sons then went on to write a play called Death of a Salesman, which was as well as a big success. Miller later wrote The Crucible in 1953, which was a mixed success. In 1997, He wrote the screenplay of the crucible, which starred Daniel Day Lewis, and Winona Rider. McCarthyism had the power to investigate either person or movement who threatened the safety of America. The activities of this committee were linked in Millers mind with witchcraft trials, which had taken place card inal hundred years before.This inspired him to write the crucible The people of Salem believed in witchcraft and the devil and believed that the Bible had told them that witches must be hanged. Betty Parris, the daughter of the minister, started to act like a child possessed. In the seventeenth-century the only explanation was that they were possessed by the devil. Salem is a new and very small community, very closely knit and very protective against anything unusual or strange happenings. For many years, Salem village tried to gain independence from Salem town.Salem village did non have its own church and minister until 1674. Salem village selected Reverend Parris as their new minister. Parris was a strict puritan, who set lots of rules, including no dancing. I have chosen to direct Abigail Williams in this scene. When Abigail first enters this scene, the first words spoken to her are Oh? Let her arise, let her come. Which are said by Parris. Abigail would lean out the door in a laid-back manor, then would tell Susanna, a nervous, hurried girl who was sent by doctor Griggs, and is a bit younger than Abigail, to come in.She should say this in quite a loud voice to show that she is confident, and telling Susanna what to do, as Abigail is older then her so will look down on her. She would also have here hand reaching out to Susanna, as another gesture to tell her to come in When Susanna turns to go, Abigail eagerly tells her to speak nothin of it in the village Her face expression would be a slightly worried look because she doesnt want to be accused for making Betty ill, or having anything to witchcraft or the devil.

Morality and Utilitarianism Essay

Utilitarianism is an ethical surmise that holds that an follow up is right if it produces, or if it tends to produce, the greatest amount of redeeming(prenominal) for the greatest number of mountain affected by the action. Otherwise the action is wrong.This cost-benefit analysis is a form of utility calculation. People in business theory use utility curves to plan the results of various actions, choosing those that maximize whatever it is that they wish to achieve.This utility approach is not foreign to most people. It is widely used in many forms of general closing making and can be applied to moral issues as well as to strictly business issues. A defense of utilitarianism as an ethical theory is that it describes what rational people actually do in making moral decisions. It lucidly formulates for them the procedures they intuitively and spontaneously use in moral reasoning. The theory renders explicit what is implicit in the ordinary moral reasoning and argumentation that w e ourselves useUtilitarianism adopts a teleological approach to ethics and claims that actions are to be judged by their consequences. fit to this view, actions are not good or disadvantageously in themselves. Actions take on moral value only when canvased in conjunction with the effects that look on upon them.Act utilitarianism holds that each individual action, in all its concreteness and in all its detail, is what should be subjected to the utilitarian test.Rule utilitarians hold that utility applies appropriately to classes of actions rather than to effrontery individual actions. Thus, by looking at the general consequences of breaking contracts in the past, we can determine that breaking contracts is immoral.One objection claims that utilitarianism is ungodly because it proposes utility, rather than the playscript or God, as a basis for moral judgments.A second objection frequently brought against utilitarianism is that no one has the time to calculate all the consequence s of an action beforehand.A third objection to utilitarianism is that we cannot know the full results of any action, nor can we accurately weigh the different kinds of good and evil that result. The calculation is artificial and not practical.1.Accurately state the action to be evaluated. 2.Identify all those who are directly and indirectly affected by the action. 3.Consider whether there is some dominant, obvious consideration that carries such impressiveness as to outweigh other considerations. 4.Specify all the pertinent good and bad consequences of the action for those directly affected, as far into the future as appears appropriate, and imaginatively consider various possible outcomes and the likelihood of their occurring.5.Weigh the total good results against the total bad results, considering quantity, duration, propinquity or remoteness, fecundity, and purity for each value (kind of good and kind of bad), and the coition importance of these values. 6.Carry out a similar an alysis, if necessary, for those indirectly affected, as well as for society as a whole. 7.Sum up all the good and bad consequences. If the action produces more good than bad, the action is morally right if it produces more bad than good, it is morally wrong. 8.Consider, imaginatively, whether there are various alternatives other than simply doing or not doing the action, and carry out a similar analysis for each of the other alternative actions. 9.Compare the results of the various actions. The action that produces the most good (or the least bad, if no(prenominal) produces more good than bad) among those available is the morally proper action to performBribery in business is an interesting kind of action to examine from a utilitarian point of view, because those who engage in bribery frequently justify their actions based on something similar to utilitarian grounds.Utilitarianism, far from being a selfish approach to moral issues, demands careful, objective, and impartial evaluat ion of consequences. It is a widely usedbut often misusedapproach to moral evaluation. A powerful shaft of light of moral reasoning, it is a technique well worth mastering.An Airplane Manufacturing Case An airplane manufacturer has spent a great deal of money underdeveloped a new airplane. The company badly needs cash because it is financially overextended. If it does not get some large orders soon, it will have to close vanquish part of its operation. Doing that will put several thousand workers out of jobs. The president of the company bribes a foreign minister to insure the purchase of the planes, arguing that the good done overall justifies the use of bribery.

Importance of accountability Essay

I engage been tasked with writing this 1000 word essay on the importance of accountability of gauzy items within the military. The reason I have been assigned to do this task is delinquent to my failure of being attentive and securing my mechanism and having it with me at in all(prenominal) time. I failed by leaving my M9 Berretta at home in my base hit before I left in support of the Boston Marathon. I was told by certain individuals to leave it at home, but I failed as an NCO to ask my section leader on how to properly secure my weapon. I did what I model was best and left it to at home limit the amount of time I traveled with it. In doing so was wrong, if anything would have happened to that weapon there would have be s eere consequences that not only myself would have to face, but individuals in my command that would have been affected due to the negligence of my actions. This whole process is new-sprung(prenominal) to the unit and me on how to transport a weapon proper ly and safely from California to Massachusetts. I secured my weapon in weapon case with and lock and a slide lock following JetBlue regulation and TSA regulations. erst I landed in Massachusetts I would secure my weapon in the 1st CST safe for safe keeping. A day prior to the Boston marathon I would be issued it again and along with 45 rounds of hollow point ammunition from the 1st. Once the Boston Marathon was over I would have the weapon remain with me until my departure back to home station. In AR 710-2 (Supply Policy below the guinea pig Level), AR 735-5 (Policies and Procedures for Property Accountability) and AR 190-13 (The Army Physical Security Program). All these Army Regulation cover the Army policy for property accountability. Some sensitive items are your weapon, military ID card, communication equipment, etcetera. Sensitive items are anything that can be used by opposing forces or the enemies to counter attack, weaken forces, and gain information, and so on. Throughout our lives we come across many things of value. Some things are more valuable than others, either because they cost more m unityy or they hold a sentimental value that we keep close to our hearts. In the military regardless of what branch you are, it is instilled in our heads that our weapon is the most valuable thing you will ever have.You train with it, you eat with it, you sleep with it, you use is to protect yourself and your battle buddies and you take care of it like it was your child. In the end it becomes a part of you and you cannot fore run into yourself without it. Your weapon is considered a sensitive item because if it ends upin the enemies possession, it could possibly be used against you and your comrades. Keeping track of where your weapon is or having it on you at all times will help pr import any of that happening. An so I forget the value of my weapon and what it means to me. Always having your sensitive items is very(prenominal) of the essence(predicate) and I should have treated my weapon as one of those. Instead I chose to leave in my safe thinking it was just another items that I needed to bring.Compared to the active army side the very smallest punishment for misplacing a weapon, if its found within a reasonable amount of time, is a federation Grade Article 15. That means you can lose one grade of rank, a week of pay, and two weeks of extra duty. If thats all you lost, you got off very, very lightly. More often, and especially if you lose your weapon in a combat zone, youre looking at a Field Grade Article 15 if your chain of command is feeling very generous. You would risk losing at least one or as many as three grades of rank (E-4 to E-1), one half of your base pay for two months, 60 days restriction, 45 days extra duty.Thats only for enlisted though. If you do the same as an officer, you wint get the same slap on the wrists as a punishment. Your career is over. You may as well start looking around for a new job and hope you dont get a bad discharge. So we check our sensitive items religiously. Normally I check to see if I have my sensitive equipment with me thru out the day or we do a check at the end of each exercise to nock certain(a) each one of us on our team is not missing valuable equipment. Most of the times our gear is either on your person, or locked up somewhere secure. Accountability and personal responsibility for your equipment is something the military takes so seriously its not even funny. Because if theres a fight, and you dont have your weapon, then youre a huge liability to everyone.You also cant be trusted to do certain thing due to fact of not being able to hand the responsibility. It is very important to know that my action dont affect me but everyone around me. I now know that because my failure I will be always sure to get my proper information from senior leaders before fashioning a decision or do my research more extensively. I dont want to be a liability but an asset that every one can rely on to get task or mission done, in a time and correct manner. I wont make the mistakes like leaving my sensitive equipment at home or unsecure. I will also come to my section leaders firstin the event I have a serious question. I am sure they will be able to guide me in the right direction every time. From Steve Maraboli, Life, the Truth, and Being Free, It is important that we forgive ourselves for making mistakes. We need to learn from our errors and move on. and moving on is exactly what I am going to do from this experience.

Lou Holtz Convocation

Chase Wells Dr. Donald A. Hoy BA 198 B 2 kinfolk 2012 Lou Holtz a Convocation to Remember Lou Holtz motivational speaker, hall of fame football coach, magician, devout Catholic, and Benedictine supporter. This last week I was blessed with the chance to hear him speak. His address was based on the idea that by following three rules, you can live a just life with no regrets. Throughout the speech Holtz amiss(p) joke after joke, keeping it constantly interesting.At one point, he even shocked the crowd with a very impressive magic trick. By corporate trust an excellent message with humor, and magic he had the entire crowds attention for the full duration of his speech. Holtzs three rules were do the right thing, do your top hat, and show people you care. The three rules seem easy enough to follow, and the motivation to go along with them has inspired me to follow them. Lou was truly passionate about what he preached. He clearly contributed much of his success to these rules.Through s tories of life experience Holtz persuaded, and motivated the crowd. I think every person in the gymnasium left with the noesis to improve themselves as a person, and the motivation to perhaps do it. Lou Holtz is truly an extraordinary person. Hes a 59 man that talks with a lisp, and role model for thousands. That in itself is impressive. Not to mention his excellent track record as a football coach, New York Times best selling books, Motivational speaking accomplishments, and more.His life long mission of making not only decisions he can live with, but the right ones has set out him into success. Having never been one to watch college sports I walked into the convocation with little knowledge of who Lou Holtz was, and low expectations for his speech. I walked out stunned, surprised, and impressed. Lou Holtz is an amazing person. His speech gave me knowledge, and motivation to improve my life, and for that I am grateful.

A Soft Drink Tax According to John Stuart Mill Essay

The Coca-Cola brand has built itself into a staple of American culture. This is a terrifying thought for popular wellness advocates who rule Coke and former(a) soft alcohol addictions as being major culprits behind a growing national health crisis. Empirical evidence shows that over-consumption of soft crapulences cl archeozoic causes harm to the individuals who consume them, however, the waging battle over restorative legislation will not be won on the grounds of health alone. The argument that Coca-Cola, Pepsi, and other soft drink firms present is deeply rooted in American values and cannot easily be trumped. What they argue for is freedom of choice.In his book On Liberty, John Stuart Mill states, over himself, over his declare body and mind, the individual is sovereign (9). If an individual chooses that he wants to drink restorative pop, he should be allowed a high degree of liberty to make that decision. Such is the foundation of a soft drink firms purported right to exi st. If consumers demand it, Coca-Cola executives will realize as red in the face as their soda cans stating that they play an innocent and vital role in fulfilling that demand. One method through which public health advocates wish to regulate soft drinks is in the implementation of a soda tax.Advocates for much(prenominal) a tax may argue that individuals who harm themselves by overindulging in soda should be limited in their consumption. Since supply and demand are sensitive to market conditions, a tax would undoubtedly lower the step of soda demanded, particularly in low-income families where obesity and diabetes are most common. Mill claims that to tax stimulants for the sole purpose of making them more difficult to be obtained is a measure differing but in degree from their entire prohibition, and would be justifiable only if that were justifiable.Every increase of cost is a prohibition to those whose means do not come up to the augmented price and to those who do, it is a p enalty laid on them for gratifying a particular taste (99). Soft drink firms would cite Mill here in their argument that individuals choice of pleasures and their mode of expending their income, after satisfying their legal and moral obligations to the State and to the individuals, are their own concern and must rest with their own judgment (99).While Mills line of reasoning would appear to speak against a soft drink tax, he goes on to remind us that taxation for fiscal purposes is absolutely inevitable It is hence the duty of the State to consider, in the imposition of taxes, what commodities the consumers can outmatch spare and to select in preference those of which it deems the use, beyond a very moderate quantity, to be positively injurious (100).Being that over-consumption of soda pop is sure injurious to the consumer, and especially in light of the current economic downturn in this country, Mill would approve of a soft drink tax as an effective means through which to produce revenue for the State. While a tax on soft drinks would be permissible by Mills standards, some proponents of soft drink legislation would go so far as to ban their sale altogether. However, even if the vast majority of the public were incite to impose such a ban, Mill would hesitate to condone such a severe form of coercion.The basis for Mills harm article of belief is that the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any members of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others (9). Although soft drink firms establish a clear interest in promoting intemperance (99) in order to generate profit, those firms will argue fervently that the consumption of soda is not such a great evil that the State would be justified in imposing restrictions and requiring guarantees which would be infringements of legitimate liberty (99).Therefore, in order to present a stronger argument for a ban on soft drinks, advocates would do well to prove that in d rinking soda pop, individuals cause harm not only to themselves, but also to others. To consume soft drinks to the point of excess can lead to the deterioration of an individuals health. This may appear to be a self-regarding action until one considers the cost such individuals impose on taxpayers. Citizens whose unhealthy lifestyles regularly land them in the hospital eat up government health care, at which point their actions cease to be self-regarding and become harmful to society at large.With this in mind, are we still to protect individuals liberty to drink soda pop? Soft drink firms may point to Mill in reason that the accountability for such harm lies not with soda, but with the society that raises hoggish individuals. If grown people are incapable of properly taking care of themselves, society must consider that it has had absolute power over them during all the early portion of their existence it has had the whole period of childhood and nonage in which to try whether it could make them capable of rational conduct in life (80).It is on this point that we must consider the role that mass media plays in the world today. The pervasiveness of corporate advertising in the U. S. manipulates childrens impressionable faculties of reason, subverting the ability of even answerable parents and educators to impart rational consumption habits on their young ones.Mill writes that he could not see how people could witness an act of self-harm and think it more honorable than hurtful, since, if it displays the misconduct, it displays also the painful or degrading consequences which, if the conduct is justly censured, must be supposed to be in all or most cases conjunction on it (81). This argument is undermined by the fallacy of soft drink advertising, which positively portrays the act of drinking soda without showing the adverse long-term effects of its consumption.When a world-class athlete endorses soda pop, susceptible consumers, particularly children, are i nclined to associate soft drinks with scoring goals and dunking basketballs rather than with cancer and heart disease. In arguing against the proliferation of soft drinks, one should appeal to a fundamental component of Mills doctrine, which states that his harm principle does not apply to children or of young persons downstairs the age which the law may fix as that of manhood or womanhood. Those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others must be protected against their own actions as well as against external injury (9).In other words children do not have the maturity to make rational, informed decisions that lead to actions that could potentially cause them harm, for instance, the act of guzzling down a 99 cent Coke. The American Beverage Association would echo John Stuart Mill in saying that human beings owe to each other help to distinguish the better from the worse, and hike to choose the former and avoid the latter (74). It is their argument that paren ts and educators, not government, are responsible for dissuading children to consume soft drinks.Indeed, parents and educators can form a partnership in banning the sale of soft drinks in schools, but it is beyond their power to prevent a non-responsible child from seeing a deviously enticing soda ad on TV and irrationally choosing to spend his or her allowance on soda pop. Therefore, the State would be justified in regulating childrens access to soft drinks by legally coercing soft drink firms to discontinue their advertisements geared toward children, as well as by imposing a borderline age requirement for the purchasing of soft drinks.

Advance strategic management. Consumerism Essay

1. What is consumerism?DEFINITIONConsumerism bottom of the inning be defined in two different expressions1. Consumerism is a theory which states that buying and consuming goods and services in a large amount are more beneficial to the economy. Thus this theory appreciates gradually increased consumption of goods and services.2. Consumerism means consumer justification. It is a bm or policy that protects the interests of consumers via truthful packaging, honest advertisement, betterd safety standards and product guarantees. Consumerism involves policies that regulate methods, products and services, standards, selling and advertising in the interests of the consumers.These protect buyers from defective products, mis surpassing advertising, inequitable practices and so forth Such policies can be mandatory, legislative, institutional or voluntarily accepted by the industry. e.g., consumers interests can be harmed by mispricing, adulteration, artificial demand etc. importanceConsumeri sm encourages economic growth by providing good quality goods and services to the customers.Increased consumption by the customers shows the economic growth level. Increased demand would lead to increased production thus raising the gross domestic production.It helps to make informed closings through truthful advertising, environmental and safety standard laws. Thus consumerism turn ins protection to buyers.Implementation of consumer protection laws shield consumers against exploitation, discourage anti-social activities and unfair trade practices, render complete and latest information to the customer which aids in buyingdecision making process.2. What IS STRATEGY? Why it is important?Choose a caller, study its outline and then make its competitive compendium. DEFINITION1. Strategy is business gritty plan used by management to stake out market position, conduct its operations, attract and please customers, compete successfully and achieve organizational objectives.2. It is a process through which a follow concentrated its resources on optimal opportunities to achieve short term and long term goals and other competitive advantages. IMPORTANCEStrategy answers three central questions or so the ships company (i) where are we now? (ii) where do we want to go? (iii) how will we get there? Strategy tells about the current position of the company, its future plans and the approaches it will follow to achieve its objectives.Strategy encompasses actions to attract customers, actions to deliver value at optimal price and cost equilibrium, actions to react to changing market environment, approaches to pursue available opportunities and plans to gain competitive edge.A powerful system makes a company distinctive and provides sustainable and durable competitive advantage in creating, producing, distributing and marketing the companys products/services.An effective strategy results in best possible business performance in terms of fiscal profitability and marke t position.Strategies are desperately needed to direct the activities of the company in a way that its goals and objectives are achieved in a right way through right approaches and at the right time.An smooth strategy that is excellently implemented is a good measure to evaluate the management competencies and performance.A strategy-focused company has a strong performance, profitable earnings, revenue growth and favourable return on investment.COMPANY COLGATE-PALMOLIVEColgate Palmolive has $17.1 billion consumer products and serves people around the world with renowned brands by offering four types of products/services oral care, personal care, home care and pet nutrition products. This company operates globally and approximately 75 percentage of its gross revenue are from outside the home country while majority of its products are manufactured in its own facilities.Colgate-Palmolive 2011 to 2015 StrategyThe main focus of Colgate-Palmolives five year strategy is on people, perf ormance and planet with measurable goals in accordance with the companys business objectives. 1. Promoting Healthier LivesThe objective was to promote wellness and wellness in order to minimize employee health risks by 15 percent, to achieve 5 percent reduced health costs by better on time diagnosis and treatment of diseases and to focus on safety of employees.2. Contributing to The Communities Where We Live and WorkThis parameter of the strategy aims to increase the impact of company on the community by $300 million. For this purpose five objectives were set which will provide greater focus to the companys contribution towards the community. union is done with dental professions to improve the oral care of the community. A program of Bright Smiles, Bright Futures is scheduled to contact 1 billion children by 2020. To provide hand-washing awareness to over 50 million households. To work with 250 thousand veterinarians to educate pet owners and provide over $100 million pet food. Co ntinue to provide companys products after natural disasters and to invite morevolunteers in this community program.3. Delivering Products That Delight Consumers and Respect Our PlanetThe objective is to increase the sustainability of all the products by (i) ensuring that ingredients continue to meet the standards of safety, health and quality (ii) reducing the impact of environment on the products and packaging. This is achieved by increasing the use of recycled contents and more usage of sustainable visibles.4. Making Every Drop of Water CountThe strategy aims to reduce the consumption of water during manufacturing by 24 percent. The objective also aims to take move to promote access of clean water and water conversation awareness among over two billion consumers.5. Reducing Our Impact on Climate and purlieuThe intention was to reduce energy consumption and carbon emission during the manufacturing process by 20 percent.COMPETITIVE ANALYSISThe stated strategy of the company can b e analysed on the bases of three broad terms. The following stated questions will determine the goodness of the strategy implemented by Colgate-Palmolive i.e. whether the strategy was able to improve the market position and financial performance of the company or not, how good was the company at handling the environmental dynamics and gaining competitive advantage. 1. How well does the strategy fits with the companys situation?The main competitor of Colgate-Palmolive is Procter & Gamble with the same strategy of sustaining products and environmental safety but Colgate-Palmolive has got a competitive advantage in the year 2011 and 2012 by having strong presence in personal care products and emerging markets in different geographical areas. Due to broad operation bases globally thecompany has got the strength to lead the market.2. Is the strategy helping the company achieve a sustainable competitive advantage?Yes the strategy implemented by the company has made it to be a global leade r in oral care. Colgate-Palmolives market is the single largest market by value shares and is insulated from the downturns. The companys strategy focuses to meet market challenges, committed to increase product sustainability and focuses on segmentation by function. Colgate-Palmolive has improved sustainability profile in 24 percent of products.3. Is the strategy helping in better company performance?The strategy has helped the company in attaining better financial and ethical performance. Colgate-Palmolive has shown best environmental performance in past years and is able to sustain its past competitive advantage. The company had $17.1 billion worldwide sales in 2012.Its gross profit margin was 58.4 percent in fourth quarter of 2012. Colgate-Palmolive won 100% Code of Conduct Certification, stood none 1 in beauty and personal care products and was announced No. 1 at Most Admired Companies in 2013 by Fortune World. Colgate-Palmolive had operating profit of $4.02 million in 2012. 35 percent of its packaging material is from the recycled material thus fulfilling its goals of safeguarding the environment and reducing costs.Three different products of Colgate-Palmolive have won designation of Product of the Year 2012 and Ethisphere magazine has given the company title of 2013 Worlds Most Ethical Companies US E.P.A declared the company to be Designed for the Environment for many of its home care products. The above analysis shows the strengths and the competitive advantage earned by the company due to its best performance and leading activities. Surely the above mentioned performance is only attainable because of an excellent strategy and its excellent execution. _________________________________________

Course outline

Aims This run for get out provide scholarly persons with an go steadying of six antique civilizations by means of archaeological and documentary sources. These SIX ancient civilizations argon Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, northern China, Mesospheric, and the Andes. The grade has three think goals (1 ) to trace the historical formation and collapse of these six societies (2) to examine explanations that attempt to account for their trajectories and (3) to explore the methods researchers work to study these topics.Outcomes By the end of the channel it is expected that the student leave be able to finalise six major ancient civilizations and their cities on maps understand and smallly analyze the range in actual theoretical approaches to the development of violations recognize and critically evaluate the methods employed to access the past organize poppycock and to articulate arguments effectively Grading Quizzes The quizzes pass on consist of multiple-choice que stions and map acknowledgments.Quiz 1 Quiz 2 Quiz 3 Examinations examination 30% Final examination 30% Extra Credit Students whitethorn add 5 points to their midterm or final through extra credit work at m usageums or lectures relevant to this syndicate. Among the suggested exhibits be the permanent Egyptian displays at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Brooklyn Museum, and the Micronesian and South American exhibits at the American Museum of Natural History, but many other exhibits whitethorn also be appropriate. Students must write one scallywag assessing the exhibit or lecture and provide proof of visit.Knowing them well pull up stakes allow you to proceed to graduation efficiently and with a strong transcript. Study c argonfully every(prenominal)thing in Brushs dictation about academic honesty. You can access it easily from the Burch College home page, where the link For Current Students leads to a page where you can rally a link to Academic Honesty Policy under R esources and information. Also feel free to ask any instructor for clarification or for explanation of why professors fulfil this emergence so seriously. This course has a zero tolerance policy on ch play outing and improper behavior during quizzes and exams.Any student who breaks academic rules in this course has violated the mutual trust on which t from each oneing and learning are based and will receive not only a zero on that assignment, but a grade of F for the course. For serious infractions the instructor will ask the Colleges Disciplinary Panel to suspend the mantrap from all Burch courses. By College policy, all suspected violations, whether infirmed or not, are reported to the Dean of Students. Disruption of class is not permitted. Rude behavior is disruptive. Arriving late/leaving early is also not acceptable and recurrent latecomers/early leavers will be penalized. Pods and cell phones off before class. Please do not eat food within the classroom. It is distracting to other students and to yourself (you should focus on the lecture ). Content Overview The areas that we will study are Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, northern China, Mesospheric, and the Andes, that is, the birthplaces of the pristine states that armed the core of early civilizations. Their societies occupy a special place in human history, because they produced the first social classes, economic specialization, state government, and urban settlements.Their populations created the earliest formal philosophies, religions, monumental architecture, legal codes, market economies, institutionalized militaries, and writing systems. Their members began to define separate spheres of secular and religious activities and public and private life. In short, if we want to understand how human societies were transformed from small roofs to diversified empires organized on a grounds scale, these are the regions that we study. Brief description of teaching and learning methods Illustrated lectures requiring preparatory reading.Students will take a midterm and a final. Students have the option of an essay. Blackboard Most lectures in this course are illustrated with a veritable number of visual images, typically maps, site plans, and architectural and artifact photos. Lectures are provided on Blackboard as a resource only students will not be responsible for a visual identification of any specific image in an exam. All handouts are available on blackboard. You can convalesce the blackboard site for this course on the Burch website.If you miss a class, check blackboard for study sheets and assignments. incorporate with the Burch Computing and Technology Center (BCC) for information on how to use blackboard. Call the help desk at 646-312-1010. attendance Class attendance is required and very important as a key part of industrious participation. Attendance is recorded at the beginning of every class. Freshmen and sopho muchs (fewer than 61 credits completed) will be dropped if more than four classes are missed. Juniors and seniors (over 60 credits) will be dropped if more than six classes are missed.Absences for medical, religious, family reasons or metro delays are counted as part of the four or six classes missed and will not be excused even with a note. If you have special medical or other ongoing circumstances, recreate cover them with the professor ahead of time. If you are absent for whatever reason, please keep the professor certain by calling or emailing her. All class assignments and study sheets will be on blackboard, so please check the website if you are absent so that you will be prepared for theSpecial Needs Burch College is act to being fully accessible to all students, including those with disabilities. To establish appropriate accommodations, please alert your instructor to your need and contact Ms. Barbara Souris, Coordinator of the Office of Services for Students with Disabilities, part of the Division of Student Devel opment and counseling, at NV 2 271 or at (646) 312 4590. Please contact me directly if you require additional aids prior to your lectures.Course abstractionThis course aims to equip you with the necessary understanding of IS fundamentals, as they stand, and also equip you with critical thinking tools and techniques that will allow you to understand IS in the future. Information systems are complex things that are an organic part of every business and our society. Information systems are difficult to study in the abstract and are best unsounded through the use of real world examples and case-studies, room which we then look for scheme to explain their behavior.Our course takes this approach lots of cases and examples from which we distill our understanding of what IS are, how they are (and should be) used, and how they are best acquired. During pass Semester we will bulk large a lot of material in a short time, so it is decisive that you study from week 1. This means you shou ld read the set chapters in the textbook and prepare for your workshops. The course group will ease your learning by providing the counselor as to what you need to study, and working with you on problems you may encounter.It is, however, your responsibility to puddle a concerted and timely effort to study. If you make this effort you will find the material interesting, the course worthwhile and the interaction with you fellow students stimulating. You should also do well. INFAMOUS International systems In 5 line 3. 2 Learning Activities and Teaching Strategies The course involves three key percentages lectures, workshops and your private study. apiece lecture will focus on the topic outlined for that week (see section 10).The lecture will help you understand the organizational and societal context in which IS are built and utilized, and will roved guidance on how to use workshops, laboratories and private study to improve your understanding. A lecture slide pack for each we ek will be supplied to you 24 hours before the lecture via the course website. This is a skeleton pack only. You are advised to take notes during the lecture to supplement the slides. Workshops will help build your understanding of each course topic through the action of what you have learnt in the lecture to case-study and real-life scenarios.They also give you the opportunity to discuss your work with your colleagues, and so gain an indication of your own progress. Further information on workshop readiness and participation is provided in section 4, and will be discussed in your first workshop. Your private study is the most important component of this course. The textbook and accompanying website contain self sound judgment exercises to help you. The self assessment exercises are designed to test your understanding of the topic at hand and include review questions, application questions and discussion questions of vary difficulty.Course OutlineThis course aims to equip you w ith the necessary understanding of IS fundamentals, as they stand, and also equip you with critical thinking tools and techniques that will allow you to understand IS in the future. Information systems are complex things that are an integral part of every business and our society. Information systems are difficult to study in the abstract and are best understood through the use of real world examples and case-studies, room which we then look for theory to explain their behavior.Our course takes this approach lots of cases and examples from which we distill our understanding of what IS are, how they are (and should be) used, and how they are best acquired. During Summer Semester we will cover a lot of material in a short time, so it is vital that you study from Week 1. This means you should read the set chapters in the textbook and prepare for your workshops. The course team will facilitate your learning by providing the guidance as to what you need to study, and working with you on problems you may encounter.It is, however, your responsibility to make a concerted and timely effort to study. If you make this effort you will find the material interesting, the course worthwhile and the interaction with you fellow students stimulating. You should also do well. INFAMOUS International systems In 5 Business 3. 2 Learning Activities and Teaching Strategies The course involves three key components lectures, workshops and your private study. Each lecture will focus on the topic outlined for that week (see section 10).The lecture will help you understand the organizational and societal context in which IS are built and utilized, and will roved guidance on how to use workshops, laboratories and private study to improve your understanding. A lecture slide pack for each week will be supplied to you 24 hours before the lecture via the course website. This is a skeleton pack only. You are advised to take notes during the lecture to supplement the slides. Workshops will hel p build your understanding of each course topic through the application of what you have learnt in the lecture to case-study and real-life scenarios.They also give you the opportunity to discuss your work with your colleagues, and hence gain an indication of your own progress. Further information on workshop preparation and participation is provided in section 4, and will be discussed in your first workshop. Your private study is the most important component of this course. The textbook and accompanying website contain self assessment exercises to help you. The self assessment exercises are designed to test your understanding of the topic at hand and include review questions, application questions and discussion questions of varying difficulty.

On the Ethics of Psychological Research Essay

throwster Stewart an associate fairishice of the United States supreme court once verbalise that Ethics is knowing the deflection between what you gestate a right to do and what is right to do. He call backd in doing things pragmatically instead of impractically and it made him more recognized for his realistic approach to his job. Ethics in life atomic number 18 truly important in setting standards of morality and integrity, especially since moral philosophy show the principles and values that ane uses to govern their actions. Ethics in psychology argon very similar to the morals we follow on a day to day basis. The ethics in psychology often relate to how people are treated when put in experiments in order to complete theories and concepts that are psychology based. When psychology look began many experiments began as well, to test the many beginning theories that came virtually when psychology was introduced to researchers. The American Psychological connective now has a reckon of ethics for psychology research due to the fact that many psychologists in the past assume violated the safety, belief systems, needs, values, and the overall guard of their participants. The code of ethics that has been put in array by the APA holds all psychologists to the said(prenominal) set of standards and provides a guideline in an attempt to go steady professionalism and look on for all elusive and almosttimes this doesnt occur.The APA published the first ethics code in 1953 that equals about a 16 page document today, but in 1953 it seemed so much big back then. The reason that the ethics code was written is because ethics in research of psychologists began to be questioned by society for their safety and effectiveness. The research studies that were performed in the past often became public scandals and compromised the principle of research. Following the code of ethics is very important in research. The five reasons to adhere to the code of ethic s is to promote the excogitation of research, promote a basic normality that helps when researchers collaborate, to ensure the liability of the experimenter, to gain more support from the normal population, and to promote morality and obligation (Resnik). The overall incentive for the code of ethics according to Resnik is to constantly embolden for effective research while also being consensual. These ethics placed must be followed just to maintain the respects of the rights of research participants, the reputation of psychology, and the dignity of research principles. Another purpose of ethics in research is for the safety of the people involved in the experiment, and the notoriety of psychologists in society. Committees of research must have a code of ethics that discuss the guidelines made by the APA and the personal ethics for the experiment. Some of the virtually important codes are informed consent, debrief, protection of participants, deception, confidentiality, and abili ty to withdraw. (Mcleod). According to the research done by Mcleod, the APA is utilize the code of ethics to protect their name and the reputation they have built, a so to maintain a stability of trust with their experimenters and participants.There were many unethical procedures after 1953 even though those guidelines had been set. Some of the experiments were very traumatic to patients and almost risked their lives, or could have died or killed each other. One of the many most know unethical experiments that occurred was the Stanford Prison Experiment. This experiment was conducted by Philip Zimbardo in 1971, and the purpose of the experiment was to attempt to understand the phylogeny of power norms in society and specifically the effects of roles, labels, and social expectations in a prison environment. cardinal four students were chosen out of 75, half were assigned roles of prisoner and half were assigned the role of guard. In the experiment Zimbardomade it very realistic fo r the prisoners, having cops come and arrest them, having rules that they had to follow, but gave the guards no prior training. The can result of the experiment being guards who became consumed in power and behaved in a brutalizing way, and prisoners who became submissive and cowering (Mcleod). While Zimbardo didnt actually go against any ethical codes while outlining his experiment and he got the experiment approved forrader conducting it, some believed that his place as the conductor of the experiment was to stop the simulation from getting too offensive which it did, but he didnt stop it because he was trying to maintain the realism of the experiment, and in the give notice he felt as though he did what was best for the sake of research. Regardless of this, Zimbardo did go against the ethics code in multiple ways uniform the fact that the experiment was unpredictable, the guards were drunk, and no steps were taken to avoid harm of his volunteers. He failed to understand tha t participants are people and should their dignity should be maintained because respect in research refers to respect for people and respect for truth (Yousef). Zimbardos experiment was evaluated by the APA, where they said that all ethical guidelines were followed. The overall unethicality of the experiment left the participants with long-term scarring mentally and physically, and this is just another reason why ethics are important in research.Ethics are maintained to provide organise in experiments to promote effective decision making, while also being aware of the benefits and risks of the experiment. In experiments conducted previous(prenominal) to the release of the code of ethics, often times there was a lack of informed consent, pressure on volunteers, risk of safety of participants, deception, and even violation of natural born rights. The whole overall purpose of ethics is to help researchers grapple with theethical dilemmas they are likely to encounter by introducing th em to important concepts, tools, principles, and methods that can be useful in resolving these dilemmas (Resnik). There are five general principles of ethics, which are informed consent, debrief, protection of participants, deception, and ability to withdraw. When it comes to informed consent participants must distinctively say yes and give permission to the researcher to be involved in the experiment. The researcher must outline the details of the experiment like the purpose, the possible risks, procedures involved if there are any and many other things. Debriefing is very important in research because its where the participants gets to sit down with the research and understand the research, clear up misconceptions and to receive sure the participants leaves with the same sense of cognition they arrived with. Along with this goes deception, and participants should not be mislead about the research and though some deception may occur, researchers must attempt to keep it at a minimu m. The main thing researchers should be aware of is the protection of their subjects, and participants should not be subject to more harm than they would experience in commonplace life. The very last thing is the ability for a participant to leave the experiment whenever they feel like they are in danger or in a extremely uncomfortable situation. These codes of ethics have really made research more controlled and prevent negligence and misconduct. The basics to remember about ethics is that research done by psychologists should meet the criteria for ethics before the experiment is conducted. Subjects should be informed about the dangers and basics of the experiment and provide authorization.Psychologists do many experiments just because they are unethical and it all starts with what they believe and consider to be right and wrong, and sometimes the extreme involvement in personal research make the research seem less dangerous than it is. Scientist deals with many controversial topi cs and often stray away from norms and rules to have their theories and strengthen their ideas and beliefs. Our natural instinct often goes against what we think and the code of ethics is put in place to mandates the things that researchers are able to do while conducting an experiment.

Impact of Gold on GDP Essay

Impact of metallic on gross domestic product In ancient multiplication, India was referred as Golden Bird and In the modern times, She has emerged as the largest consumer ot favourable in the world. The importance ot florid can be belowstood in the saying all glitters ar not lucky. Gold is an big participant in Indian culture, traditions and sparing policy. Gold has several applications or uses and the of import reasons why Indians take to meretricious are Gold is considered an equivalent for liquid funds Gold is passing liquid and portable as a Security or Asset.It can be converted to cash anytime when an emergency a shows and Is considered a friend In eed. Gold is considered as Status Symbol Especially in India gold tokenizes wealth. often, gold Is Important consutuent of the bridal wealth In the wedding. Indian weddings without gold are unimaginable. Gold is a very good investment Gold is an asset which has consistently increased in think of and thereby considered as a safe and secure Investment. Gold Is considered an effective diversifier which helps to reduce portfolio risk.Gold Is considered as a good gift item Gold is precious and worthy across all cultures and times. The gold Jewelry Is given as gifts during weddings, festivals and other pecial occasions. Gold has great religious significance Gold is the symbol of the Hindu Goddess Laxmi and considered highly auspicious. Gold is brought or presented on testivals like Dhanteras and Akshaya Tritiya. Toe rings are never made of gold as it represents the goddess of wealth and should not be soiled by touching a humans feet.Great Ornamental Value Women of every age and time have eer loved wearing gold ornaments. Moreover. Gold Ornaments are never out of fashiorn It overly may be remembered that Wedding rings are also traditionally made of gold to mark a huge asting relationship. Great value as Heirloom Gold jewelry is something which can be passed down from one coevals to the other as ancest ral property Not nevertheless In India, but In stick nigh of the world also, gold Is also one of the most valuable assets. Like most of the commodities, gold prices are also determined by demand and supply.The global demand for gold has many layers. For the last 5 years, Jewelry has consisted of of the overall demand for gold. The major players for gold jewelry with over of the demand are China, Turkey, and the center(a) East. Gold, as gold coins or bars, adds another 20% of the demand where the united states, India, and Europe play a vital role. Industrial demand lead by Japan makes up the last 12%. dig constitute 59 percent of the global gold supply, net official sales constitute 6 percent and recycled gold provides 35 percent ot the global gold supply.But many other factors also play their role In determlnlng the gold prices like dollar prices, crude oil prices, lump etc. as yet today, despite of US Dollar being acceptable in International trade, gold is button up consid ered the safest option. It is because ot this reason gold prices are otten attected by the change in Dollar prices. Anyone who follows the gold and currency markets well-nigh result realize that the IJS$ gold price and the Dollar Index for the most part trend In confrontation directions. I ne reason tnat gold ana tne collar generally trend In opposite alrectlons Is tnat In one respect gold is Just another currency.As a result, when the dollar weakens on the remote switch over market over an extended period then the IJS$ gold price will generally rise during the same period and when the dollar strengthens over many onths the IJS$ gold price will normally fall. There are, of course, leads and lags and theres no reason to expect that percentage changes in one will be accompanied by equal-and-opposite percentage changes in the other, but when charts of the dollar and gold are compared it cursorily becomes apparent that the two have been inversely correlated.On the contrary, gold p rices and crude oil prices tend to rise and fall verifyingly with one another. There are two reasons for this- historically, oil purchases were paid for in gold. Even today, a sizable percentage of oil revenue ends up invested in gold. As oil prices rise, a lot of the increased revenue is invested as it is surplus to current involve and much of this surplus is invested in gold or other hard assets. The second reason is that rising oil prices place upward insisting on inflation. This enhances the appeal of gold because it acts as an inflation hedge.Over the last 50 years or so, gold and oil have generally moved together in terms of price, with a positive price correlation of over 80 percent. Apart from above factors, gold also provides hedge against inflation and therefore there is a positive relationship between gold price and inflation. During times of economic growth there is an increase in wealth which leads to higher demand for luxury goods like gold. During times of economi c recession, gold can be used as an asset that protects against inflation and devaluing paper currencies.The reticence Bank of India ( rbi) has concluded the purchase of 200 metric tonnes of gold from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), under the IMFs limited gold sales programme. This was done as part of the Reserve Banks foreign substitute reserves management operations. RBIs decision to shore up its gold reserves needs to be seen in the ontext of other central banks across the globe increasing their gold reserves. In fact, the dowery of gold in Indias contribute reserves has dwindled over the decade. In March 1994, the share of gold in the total reserves of the country was 20. 6% by the end of June 2009, gold constituted only 3. 7% of the total reserves. The purchase resulted in increasing the share of gold in total assets of RBI to 6percent. RBIs foreign currency assets consist mainly of sovereign bonds, mainly US treasuries. So, purchasing more gold had helped the India n central bank to diversify its assets. RBIs foreign exchange reserves consist of foreign currency assets, gold, special drawing rights (SDR) which is an international reserve currency floated by International Monetary Fund (IMF) and RBI funds kept with IMF.India is the largest consumer of gold in the world, consuming around 18 per cent of the total worlds production. India has to import around 70 per cent of its total gold consumption, thus imparting a lot of foreign exchange to major gold producing countries. With the increase of the stock markets, especially on-line trading systems, urban India is lowly shifting its investment focus from gold to the other avenues of investment such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds etc, but, rural India still has its major investments in the form of gold.Around 65 per cent of the total demand for gold in Inala Is Trom people tangled In agrlculture ana alll around 30 per cent of the GDP of the nation. ea Inaustrles wnlcn contrlDutes to Thus gold is still as important for Indian economy as it was ever. Gold is also the important source of income for many least actual countries of Africa where countries like Mali, Ghana get majority of foreign exchange from the export of Gold.

What attitudes does consumers have on purchasing genetically modified foods (GMF)?

genetically change (GM) f bes ar nutriment items that sacrifice had their DNA changed done genetic engineering. (Mavis 2008). As the population of the world has continue to grow, the supply pressure of food has become more and more significant. With the teaching of Genetically Modified bio engineering science, GM Foods have been come into our daily lives. Though GM foods can help to improve the quality of life, at that place are risks to complete swan in GM foods. Whats more important, a region of consumers windlessness have doubts close the appreciation towards GM food.The question What situations does consumers have on acquire genetically circumscribed food? is meaningful because that the issue about GM foods is becoming increasingly controversial. The controversies towards GM foods generally taper on environmental ethics, food security, poverty alleviation and environmental conservation. As clients are divided on their relative importance, many bookers claim that the GM technology can solve the problem of food crisis and poverty. They wishwise consider that GM foods are beneficial to environment such as they can protect stigma and water.However, opponents think that GM foods should have some potential threat to human health and they violate the rules of spirit by mixing genes among different species. The purpose of this research is to gain a deep understand about the consumers attitudes towards buy GM foods and find out if to the highest degree of consumers can accept GM foods. (Hutchison, 2004) Literature criticism In the last few years, many articles on the consumers attitudes toward GM food have appeared. at that place is a concise review of existing books that evaluates consumers attitudes as following.Most of the information on European attitudes comes from a journal by Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003). The article snapes on posted and answered four questions on European consumers attitudes towards the use of GM fo od. These four questions are (1) how negative are consumer attitudes to the event GM technology applied in food production? (2) How do these negative attitudes take the appreciation of consumer for GM products? (3) How deeply does these attitudes rooted in customers prospect? 4) Will the new information and experience change the customers attitudes? Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003) believe that these four questions are central for understanding the consumers attitudes about GM food. The article use some tables to evaluate the consumers attitudes about genetic modification in food production in seven European countries which are the UK, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway , Italy and Sweden. The selective information shows that most of the customer have negative attitude towards GM food, the average support for GM foods is quite low.The national differences can overly be showed through the table the attitude is most positive in Italy, and is most negative in Germany and the Scandinavian countries, while Finland and the UK in a middle position. And the article in addition showed some opposite surveys to support this result, for example, the Eurobarometer surveys, which is a most well know one, have also shown that most of consumers do not ilk GM foods (Frewer & Shepherd, 1995 and Durant, Bauer & Gaskell, 1998European Commission, 1997, European Commission, 2000,)For the question how these negative attitudes affect the preference of consumer for GM foods, Bredahl, Grunert, and Scholderer (2003) have design a research about yoghourt. In general, consumers prefer the low-Fat yoghourt, but the yoghurt will become non-attractive consistency if they produced ready on skimmed milk. Though using additives can improve this problem, many consumers dont like additives. However, by using GM technology, the yoghurt can be enough consistency, fat-free and no additives. It provided a good basis for the consumer preferences.In the research, consumers inspected t he three products which are normal yoghurt, additives yoghurt and labeled GM yoghurt and rank them according to preference. And they must explain the reason for the ranking. The result showed that most of consumer rank GM yoghurt to last choice. And the common reasons are that the GM technology is not familiar and not trustworthy, they dont know if the product is healthy, and it harms nature. The conclusion is explicit the attitude to GM food has a strong entrance on the preference of consumers. The third question and the last question were researched in another study.Respondents were asked to take part in a taste campaign of eight cheeses. Two weeks later, they participated in another taste test which only provides two kinds of cheese. One cheese was the same taste as the one which obtain the highest preference in the get-go test and it was labeled produced with genetically special technology the other one was the some taste as the one which obtain a medium preference in the fi rst test. The results showed that when the most popular cheese labeled genetically modified technology, the preference was reduced.So, the study shows the attitude on GM food is deeply rooted in consumers doctrine and is not easily to change by experience. There are also some other important researches about consumers attitudes towards GM food. Hamstra (1995) evaluate the acceptance of consumers toward GM food through three studies of Dutch consumers. Product characteristics and consumer characteristics are included in these studies. In the first study, consumers participated in a face-to-face interview about their attitudes and willingness to buy nine different GM foods (Hamstra, 1991).Means-end train theory was employ in the blurb study to further research these aspects in some focus group discussions (Hamstra, 1993). The third study used the stress of consumers to evaluate the model which developed in the second study (Hamstra, 1995). As a result, the studies showed that c omprehend benefits have a greater impact on consumers attitudes than perceived risks and there is no link between attitudes and knowledge of the genetically modified technology. Kutznesof and Ritson (1996) investigated Irish and British consumers attitudes through focus group discussions.The results divided the consumers attitudes towards genetically modified foods into three types triers, undecided consumers and refusers. A large exit of consumers were classified into the second group, and the rest of consumers were equally classified as refusing or accepting genetically modified foods. done the research, Kutznesof and Ritson (1996) found that there are some factors can increase the acceptability of genetically modified foods such as perceived consumer-related benefits, price consciousness, increased product quality (especially the taste), and increased purity of products.They also found that the acceptability of consumers depends on the types of genetically modified foods the ge netically modified technology used on vegetables, fruits and dairy products can be more acceptable than eggs and meat. Some studies have analyzed consumers attitudes towards GM foods at a more broadly level. The attitudes of consumers have been proved to be more positive towards applying genetically modified technology to plants than to human genetic material or animals. Frewer, Hedderley, Howard & Shepherd, 1997) The study which completed by parry and Moore (2002) indentifies the relative importance, nature and strength of influences on New Zealand consumers functions towards purchasing genetically modified foods. The study used four methods to evaluate the consumers attitudes which are focus groups, the questionnaire, statistical methods and distribution. Results delivered questionnaires to 289 consumers and real 266. The respondents contain 171 females and 95 males.In the received questionnaires, 159 respondents had an intention or strong intention not to purchase GM foods, 27 respondents had an purchasing or a strong purchasing intention and 80 respondents had no intention to purchase GM foods. Through the analysis with Ordered logit analysis and Marginal effects for the extended model which related to self-identity, attitude, SN and PBC, mend and Moore (2002) found that self-identity, attitude, SN and PBC can provide a positively influence on consumers attitude towards purchasing GM food.Males may more easily to feel in control over purchasing the food than females, on the contrary, females may easily to feel in control over not purchasing the genetically modified food. In addition, other related research shown that the New Zealand public may be around less against with purchasing GM food. A national survey about farmers attitudes found that 49% farmers not willing to purchase GM food and 12% farmers had positive attitudes to purchase (Cook et al. , 2000).Sallie and Michael, B (2004) choice stamp methods to analyze in what narrows the Australian co nsumers are willing to purchase GM food, and they also discuss these preferences in the report. The results of the report suggest that if there has a discount on the consumers favorite food, they will have an intention to purchase the genetically modified foods. The report also showed that genetically modified technology which used on animals seems to be more unacceptable to respondents than that use on plants, especially among female respondents.In addition, another condition which can influence the consumers attitudes for a genuine type of food is age of the consumer the results found that older tribe generally more accept of genetically modified technology than younger people. In conclusion, the above literature shows that most consumers have the negative attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods, and these negative attitudes are not slowly to change that can affect the preference of consumers.Furthermore, some conditions such as age and sex of consumers, the spe cies that be applied with GM technology and the discount of genetically modified foods can also effect the consumers attitudes. methodological analysis The main method of this research is questionnaire which contains online questionnaire and a paper-based survey questionnaire. And the responds assumed to be truthfully. The online questionnaire will be knowing on the official websites of large-scale supermarkets.And the links of questionnaire should also be sent to the email of the consumers who are the high-up or the regular consumer of these supermarkets. In addition, the questionnaire will not exceed 8 minutes. The questionnaire should contain open-ended questions and close-ended questions. The sample open-ended questions should be Do you have a positive attitude or negative attitude towards purchasing genetically modified foods? Why? and How you access the knowledge about genetically modified technology.On the other hand, the close-ended question must contain the sex and the ag e level of the respondents, the questions should be knowing like I have a intention to purchase foods produced using genetically modified technology (very strongly disagree, disagree, agree or very strongly agree) what do you think your family members or friends opinion would be when you purchasing genetically modified foods? (Extremely unfavorable, unfavorable, favorable or extremely favorable) Do you think your family members or friends opinion will change your attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods? Very strongly disagree, disagree, agree, or very strongly agree). These three questions are very important to understand the consumers attitudes towards purchasing genetically modified foods. The advantage of online questionnaire is that it is a less expensive way to investigate more people, and it can also investigate the people who are at a far distance. Furthermore, the questionnaire can be quickly done and anonymity ensures more worthful responses. But there are also some drawbacks about online questionnaire that must be foreseen.For example, in general, the responds to online questionnaire are from younger people and the response rate should be limited because that not everyone can access to the website. solely these conditions should be considered on the result of research. The paper-based survey questionnaire will be sent to the consumers in supermarkets. In nightspot to attract the consumers, the people who accept investigate can get a small gift as an incentive that can increase the participate rate. The age of participate range should between twenties and sixties.And the detail of paper questionnaire may be same as the online questionnaire. The drawback of paper-based survey is that poor handwriting may be appeared on the space of open-ended question and some of them cannot be identified accurately. Secondary research is also needed in order to assist the evaluation about results of questionnaire survey. The secondhand sources ca n be found in three areas sales report of a well-known company which produces genetically modified foods, customer database of this company and primary data.Newspapers, previous research reports, journal content, and government statistics could provide the primary data to secondary. The limitations of secondary research should also be considered during the process of research. For example, some secondary data may not be helpful to the research evaluation because that some data can be vague and general. On the other hand, the source of data must be checked in order to ensure the data is accurate. Moreover, the data maybe out of date.At last, the results of questionnaire and secondary research should be collect together to evaluate the respondents attitudes toward purchasing genetically modified foods and calculate if most of consumers can accept GM food. Conclusion There should be two results of this research one result is that most of consumers can accept genetically modified foods. It marrow as genetically modified technology becoming increasingly more oriented lifestyle, the consumers are increasingly familiar with the technology about genetically modified foods, more and more people can trust in GM food.The other result is that most of consumers cannot accept genetically modified foods, and the questionnaire can affect the reasons. It means people still have doubts about the safety and technology of genetically modified food. Genetically modified food is new technology products, though it still exist some problems, but with the development of science and technology, it will be more and more perfect. As long as follow the certain rules, life will be more superior with the healthy and orderly development of GM technology.

Injustice in the Education System Essay

cultivational inequality takes lead where the worth of information gatewayible to pupils is directly related to their correct. Unequal allocation of resources to children with different socio economical consideration backgrounds has been linked to lower test scores and low college enrolment rates.However re cent researched prove that as of the moment there are deuce-ace preeminent tuitional injustices that infects almost all kinds of culture systems, and these are Educational promotion inequalities (or) Arbitrary trailing systems, racial categorization (gender, geographic, institutional) and Dis puzzlement of control (misallocation, disproportion, unresponsive. ) In the U. S. , check quality and availability of resources are determined by the amount of backing that rails receive.The amount of funding schools receive is determined to a large extent by property taskes paid by homeowners fuddled to half of property taxes go to nearby school districts( Braddock,1990). Prop erty tax dilemma The more sloshed a locality, the higher the property taxes, and the higher the funding for that school district is. Although this situation seems favorable, the problem emerges when the equating is reversed. In neighborhoods inhabited by predominantly working and lower programme families, properties are less expensive, and so property taxes are much lower than those in affluent neighborhoods.Consequently, funding for the schools districts that working and lower classify children are delegate to is also signifi stacktly lower than the funding for the school districts that children of affluent families are assigned to. Thus, students in working and lower class schools do not receive the aforementi sensationd(prenominal) quality of education and access to resources as do students from affluent families. The reality of the situation is that dissemination of resources for schools is based on the socioeconomic status of the parents of the students.As a result, the U . S. educational system importantly aids in widening the hoo-hah between the abstruse and the poor, a gap that has increased, rather than lightd, over the past few decades due to need of social mobility (Haycock,1987). Wage gaps Wage gaps for paid work-one form of disadvantage and oppression based on gender- though slowly shrinking, persist in the united States and across the globe. Social mobility Social mobility refers to the firement in class status from one generation to an some other.It is related to the rags to riches notion that anyone, with hard work and determination, has the ability to move upward no matter what background they come from. Contrary to that notion, however, sociologists and economists have concluded that although exceptions are comprehend of, social mobility has remained dead(prenominal) and even decreased over the past thirty years (NEA, 1990). Some of the decrease in social mobility may be explained by the stratified educational system.Since the ed ucational system forces low-income families to place their children into less-than-ideal school systems, those children are typically not presented with the same opportunities and educational motivation as are students from lucky families, resulting in patterns of repeated intergenerational educational choices for parent and child, also known as decreased or stagnant social mobility(Lareau, 2003). Other factors Social immobility expresses itself in lower class children who follow in the same footsteps as their parents, mainly not obtaining higher education.The result of such choices is that the poor remains poor and the rich go to college. Reasons for poor children opting to not pursue college range from a variety of different explanation. Lower class children have not grown up with the same expectations of life because these have not been instilled in them by their parents, or most importantly, by the educational system. The U. S. educational system fails its lower-income student s by not providing them with the same access to resources and opportunities as it does to its more affluent students.Furthermore, several studies have shown that programs such as gifted education and tracking (education) further manage to separate those with higher level skills from those with lower level skills, which often happens to be the rich from the poor. In fact, the vast majority of children in gifted student programs happen to be middle-class Caucasian. This is not to say that poor students are not as smart as rich students, but it does ask that they have not received the same opportunities in childhood to develop certain skills.Middle and pep pill class students grow up with parents who foster their intellectual and educational development by engaging in a child raising approach known as concerted cultivation. This approach values education and learning, and parents engaged in this form of parenting value visits to the museum, extracurricular activities, homework, tutor ing, and reading to their children. Furthermore, middle and upper-class parents can pass on to place their children in significantly better childcare centers before they enter grade school.As the Carolina abecedarian Project (below) found, these are essential elements in future educational and life successes. Evidence for the unequal distribution of college students socioeconomic status can be seen by examining college enrollment rates and demographics. One study examined the buy the farm 146 colleges in America and found that the average student representation on the colleges was the following 75% of students came from socioeconomic backgrounds consistent with the richest 25% of the people. Less than 5% of students came from the poorest 25% of the population (Leonhardt, & Scott,2005).Zoning as a pertly injustice PS 194, the Countee Cullen School, is nestled in the heart of Harlem in Community School District Five, one of the poorer districts in new-fangled York City. On March 20, it was the scene of a tense hearing. The full school auditorium was fiercely divided into two camps on the one side, parents of PS 194 students fighting to keep their neighborhood school open, and on the other side, Eva Moskowitz and her supporters demanding that the entire building be turned over to her Harlem Success Academies.Behind that conflict was the New York City Department of Education and not just because it was the DOE which was planning to replace PS 194 merely with one of Moskowitzs schools. There is a immense and sordid record of DOE neglect and netherfunding of PS 194 it had one of the largest class sizes in CSD 5 and on average 7 more students per class than Moskowitzs schools and of the imposition of a series of ineffectual principals five over the proceed five years.Yet patronage all that, PS 194 was a school that had met its Annual Yearly Progress Benchmarks under No sister Left Behind and was in good standing with the New York State Education Depart ment until tolerate school year. And still the DOE has decided to close it down based solely on the schools failing grade on the citys School Progress Reports. One can not help but wonder if that is a decision being made not on academic merit, but out of a desire to create new space for the schools of a politically powerful former city councilwoman (Gootman, E. & Gebeloff, 2008).On March 17 of this week, parents of students from PS 194, together with parents of students from two other New York City public schools PS 241 in Harlem and PS 150 in Ocean Hill-Brownsville join representatives of the Community Education Councils for those schools, the New York Civil Liberties Union and the UFT in filing suit against the Department of Education over its plans to close all three schools and replace them entirely with charter schools. The law suit charges that by closing these three schools and not replacing them with new district schools, the DOE is illegally eliminating the school at e scapeing zone for the three schools.All zoning changes must, by statute, go finished the Community Education Councils for the district. PS 194, PS 241 and PS 150 have a few things in common. First, they serve a significantly poorer student body than the rest of their district and the city as a whole one of the schools, PS 150, has 97% of its students receiving free lunches. Second, they have significant numbers of English Language Learners in their student population one of the schools has as many as 1 in 5 students in that category.And lastly, two of the three schools PS 150 as rise as PS 194 were meeting their Annual Yearly Benchmarks under No Child Left and were in good standing with the State Education Department through 07-08. The third school PS 241 went from a B on its NYC School Progress Report last year to a D this year, meaning that the decision to close it was based on a champion years drop in test scores. These schools and their neighborhoods need additional supp orts and resources, not the abolition of the neighborhood school (Walker, 1986). So what can be done to create this open contest?First I say we need to naturalize teachers on the cultures of the children they will teach, and to break down old stereotypes and biases. Teachers need to conceive that all students can learn in order to make a difference student motivation isnt the only factor. Tracking needs to be reworked into something that takes advantage of its strengths, such as offering a faster pace for those who can handle it, but doesnt limit those who fall into lower tracks. close important is that schools need to mix students of different races and abilities.By mixture races in classrooms, the schools will help educate students about each others cultures and cut out racial tension in society, and by mixing students of different abilities lower tracks will keep up with upper tracks. Black students have been held behind for in like manner long, and this is what needs to be done to let them back into the open contest (Epps, 1970). Privileges are preserved wherefore are students from privileged backgrounds more successful in schooling, and why do these advantages persist over measure?WCER researcher Adam Gamoran says economic, cultural, and social differences combine to preserve privilege across generations. Signs of change in economic inequalities affecting schooling are modest. Policymakers increasingly recognize that unequal school financing across school districts is unfair, and some are taking steps to reduce these inequalities. But this trend will do pocket-size to reduce the major advantages students from families with more economic resources have over students from families with fewer resources.The most important resources escape to operate at the individual level, so they are unaffected by changes in the redistribution of collective silver for education (Gamoran, 2001). Gamoran says its difficult to predict how a rigorous system of inter rogation on a national scale will affect trends in educational equity. In the short term, using a standardized test as the sole criterion for high school graduation would drastically reduce rates of high school completion among Blacks of all social classes. Why? Because among Whites and Blacks of the same social class, Whites tend to have higher test scores.Economically disadvantaged students would also be adversely affected. In the long run, however, assessments incorporating higher standards could further reduce educational inequality between Blacks and Whites if the tests were used to (a) bring about a more standardized curriculum, (b) foster a greater emphasis on learning opportunities as well as outcomes, and (c) increase incentives for schools to support minority student learning by heightening awareness of, and righteousness for, unequal outcomes and the tests did not serve as the sole criterion for high school graduation.(Gamoran, 2001). The pressure for testing and accou ntability is strong. If implemented in such a way as to enhance rather than secure opportunity, testing may accelerate the trend toward the equalization of educational outcomes across racial groups. (Gamoran, 2001). Bibliography Braddock, J. (1990). Tracking Implications for savant Race-Ethnic Subgroups Feb 1990, Microfiche ED 325 600 Epps, E. (1970). Race, Intelligence, and Learning Some Consequence of the Misuse of Test Results Aug 1970, Microfiche ED 048 423 Gamoran, A. (2001). Sociology of Education, Extra Issue (2001), pp. one hundred thirty-five153 Gootman, E. & Gebeloff, R. (2008). Gifted programs are less diverse. New York Times Haycock, K. (1987). Promising Practices Equality, Relevance, and Race Nov 87, Microfiche ED 294 950 Kenyon, D. A. (2007). The property tax school funding dilemma. Policy Focus Report, The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. http//www. lincolninst. edu/pubs/pubdetail. aspx? pubid=1308 Kuydendall, C. (1989). Improving Black pupil Achievement by Enhanc ing Students Self Image 1989, Microfiche ED 325 594 Lareau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods Class, race, and family life.University of California Press Berkley Leonhardt, D. & Scott, J. (2005). Class matters mysterious lines that still divide. New York Times. http//www. nytimes. com/2005/05/15/national/class/OVERVIEW-FINAL. html NEA. (1990). Academic Tracking Report of the NEA executive Committee/ Subcommittee on Academic TrackingMicrofiche ED 322 642 Sizemore, B. (1987). Developing Effective Instructional Programs Nov 1987, Microfiche ED 294 950 Walker, E. (1986). The meeting of Schooling on Minority Adolescents Mobility Aspirations Apr 1986, Microfiche ED 270 535