How to Create an Event Registration Website With WordPress (4 Steps)

One of the most troublesome pieces of arranging an occasion is getting individuals to RSVP. Whats more, you have to monitor whos coming and who isnt, and update that data intermittently. It bodes well to mechanize that procedure however much as could reasonably be expected, which is the reason you may require an occasion enrollment website.With a devoted occasions webpage, you should simply stay up with the latest. At that point, clients can pursue the occasions they need to go to at their own comfort. With the correct occasion the board module, individuals who sign up can even get programmed updates, and you can get quick warnings about new registrations.In this article, were going to discuss what your occasion enlistment site may resemble. At that point well tell you the best way to make one utilizing WordPress, in only four stages. Lets get moving! Your necessities may change, yet the fundamental highlights any occasion enlistment site will require include:A schedule that shows th e date of your event(s)Functionality that empowers guests to join, register, or RSVP (or possibly buy tickets)A path for clients to get updates and email affirmation in regards to their sign-upsDatabase usefulness, empowering your webpage to monitor enrollments for youIf you set it up right, an occasion enlistment site ought to have the option to work absent a lot of oversight. You should simply include new occasions varying, and verify what number of individuals have enrolled before every one. Obviously, first youll need to set up the webpage itself.How to make an occasion enrollment site (in 4 steps)Creating any sort of site requires some investment and exertion, and it assists with having a major picture thought of the assignments that will be required. In the following barely any areas, well walk you through the four primary strides to building your occasion enlistment site, and point you towards certain assets and instruments that can help.Step 1: Select a facilitating provider Any time you dispatch another site, youll need to locate the privilege facilitating supplier and plan. Not all suppliers offer similarly solid administrations, and picking one aimlessly or dependent on the most minimal value you find can backfire.Ideally, the web have you pick will:Provide you with a significant level of performanceInclude a solid emotionally supportive network, on the off chance that you run into any issuesOffer a wide scope of plansSince youre going to utilize WordPress, it additionally bodes well to search for a host that offers WordPress-explicit highlights. Weve expounded broadly on the most proficient method to pick the ideal WordPress have previously, so you might need to look at that control before proceeding onward. What's more, dont neglect to buy an area name for your occasions webpage while youre at it.Step 2: Install WordPress at your hostNext, you have to set up your WordPress site. In the event that you utilize a WordPress-accommodating web have, it m ay introduce WordPress for you when you pursue an arrangement. Then again, you may gain admittance to a straightforward a single tick establishment process.However, as a rule youll need to introduce the WordPress programming yourself. Dont stress, however †its a quite basic procedure. Previously, weve secured four strategies for introducing WordPress, which gives you a ton of alternatives. Basically pick the best methodology for your circumstance, and proceed onward to the subsequent stage once youve signed into your fresh out of the plastic new site.Step 3: Choose the ideal subject for your occasion enlistment websiteWordPress topics decide your locales look and design, and they come in all shapes and sizes. There are topics intended for explicit kinds of sites (such asâ real domain destinations or online shops), and multipurpose subjects that you can use for fundamentally anything.Choosing a WordPress topic can be overwhelming, since you have such huge numbers of choices. No twithstanding, whats most significant is that the topic you pick for your occasion enrollment site should:Receive steady updatesSupport mobile-accommodating plan, since most potential participants will probably be perusing your occasions on their versatile devicesHave superb appraisals and reviewsYou can likewise consider choosing a devoted occasions topic, since these regularly incorporate usefulness that will prove to be useful. This isnt vital, be that as it may, since you can include all the highlights youll need through a module (more on this in the last advance). Whats most significant is to pick a subject with the correct style, and heaps of customization alternatives so you can make your site genuinely unique.Step 4: Install a WordPress occasion the executives pluginWhile WordPress offers a great deal of usefulness out of the case, it doesnt accompany any occasion explicit highlights worked in. Luckily, you can fix that by introducing the privilege plugin. Ideally, youll need to search for an occasion the executives module that empowers you to set up schedules, handle recruits, and send notices and updates as needed.There are a lot of choices, however a decent spot to begin is with The Events Calendar. This instrument empowers you to make and tweak schedules, include the same number of occasions as youd like, indicate costs and scenes, and that's just the beginning: The Events Calendar Author(s): Modern Tribe, Inc.Current Version: 4.9.10Last Updated: October 16, 2019the-occasions calendar.4.9.10.zip 88%Ratings 19,102,609Downloads WP 4.7+Requires The base variant of this module is free, and setting it up is straightforward. Subsequently, its an astounding pick on the off chance that you need to get your occasion enrollment site off the ground quickly.If youre searching for another option, were likewise huge aficionados of WP Event Manager: WP Event Manager Author(s): WP Event ManagerCurrent Version: 3.1.9Last Updated: September 7, 2019wp-occasion manager.zip 94%Ratings 70,935Downloads WP 4.1+Requires This module offers indistinguishable fundamental highlights from The Events Calendar, however gives you extra choices with regards to overseeing RSVPs. Whats more, getting it set up and designed is an easy process.Since the two instruments are free, marry prescribe testing them each out to discover how they work. When youve chose a module, you can get the chance to work adding occasions to your new website!ConclusionThese days, it doesnt bode well to sit around idly overseeing reservations or occasion RSVPs by hand, when you can have a program do it for you. With WordPress, you can undoubtedly set up an occasion enlistment site where individuals can discover all the data they need, and sign up at any time.Whats more, it just finds a way to make your own occasion enrollment website:Pick the correct web host.Get WordPress up and running.Choose the ideal subject for your occasion website.Install a WordPress occasion the executives module. Figure out how to make an occasion enrollment #website utilizing #WordPress. #tutorial Click To Tweet Do you have any inquiries concerning how to set up an occasion enrollment site utilizing WordPress? Ask away in the remarks area below!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your stacking time by even 50-80% just by following straightforward tips.

First Person Ranks First: John Mccain a War Point of View

Is it progressively critical to concentrate on the master plan in War? Doing so is disregard the 58,000 fighters who gave their lives in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War is frequently observed as a muddled piece of our history in the United States. This contention in certain Americans minds was a war of morals, a war of good and bad. The United States entered the war so as to attempt to forestall the consistent butcher of Southern Vietnamese individuals. What we can realize is the thing that lies in the accounts of the various individuals who were associated with the war. The executing of the Southern Vietnamese represented a moral issue for the United States. The U. S. saw it important to get included. The majority included male or female were children, little girls, guardians, companions, and companions to other people. What is significant in this war is for us is to comprehend the encounters of the restricting residents and fighters included. We as a general rule neglect the individual encounters and parts of the individuals engaged with the war. In John McCain’s Faith of My Fathers and Nguyen Qui Duc’s La Fin d’un Cauchemar we can see the encounters of an American (McCain) and a Vietnamese family. Understanding these people’s perspectives can be the most significant exercise learned. Ones view of the Vietnam War is regularly and handily slanted by outside sources, for example, media and motion pictures. The individual records of the individuals who were really associated with the war permit us the privilege to a superior comprehension. The two restricting viewpoints in these accounts help their perusers value the gravity of the conditions for the individuals in question. The torment, savagery, and partition that these stories return to assist us with bettering comprehend the Vietnam War. In the extract from Faith of Our Fathers, John McCain retells his record of the Vietnam War while he was a captive. McCain’s account shows its crowd an alternate side of the war. John McCain was a maritime pilot in the Vietnam War. He flew in 23 besieging missions over North Vietnam. Going before his twenty-third crucial was killed, caught, and was tormented as a wartime captive for five and a half years. (Kennedy, 2002, p. 249) Throughout the course of these years he was brutalized and beaten genuinely and intellectually. Representative McCain’s experience under the insurrection of his captors developed his assessment of the crooked ramifications of torment. â€Å"Vietnam disregarded its commitments to abuse the Americans they held detainee, guaranteeing that we were occupied with an unlawful war against them and along these lines not qualified for the securities of the Geneva Conventions. † (McCain, 1999, p. 376) McCain’s account told from his first individual point see furnishes its crowd with a soldier’s viewpoint. In Faith of Our Fathers customizes the Vietnam War with his encounters as a POW. The officers in McCain’s story go about as a model case of a United States Soldier in Vietnam. â€Å"I will always remember that I am an American, battling for opportunity, liable for my activities, and committed to the standards which made my nation free†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (McCain, 1999, p. 376) John McCain exemplified these qualities from the United States Code of Conduct for American Prisoners of War. His story remains as a portrayal of the fearlessness that the warriors conveyed during the war. The sickening depiction of torment managed to both McCain and his individual compatriots’ shows the savagery that went on. The record of Lance Sijan, a Captain in the Air Force, is especially convincing to the crowd. He was shot down in Vietnam supporting a few wounds. Not long after, he was caught by Viet Cong. â€Å"Interrogated a few times, he wouldn't utter a word. He was brutally beaten for his silence†¦and hit with a bamboo club. † (McCain, 1999, p. 383) Despite the proceeded with misuse that was set on Sijan he would not give up his reliability to his nation. The manner in which he and numerous different warriors acted regardless of these conditions shows an alternate side of the war. A side that differs from the basic impression of a Vietnam trooper as being unusual and unhinged. These officers were devoted to their motivation and their nation. John McCain’s atypical account stems a superior comprehension of the Vietnam War for our age. Much like and entirely different than Faith of Our Fathers, La Fin d’un Cauchemar by Nguyen Qui Duc shows an alternate side of the Vietnam War that produces an alternate regard and comprehension for the war itself. In La Fin d’un Cauchemar recounts to the account of a Vietnamese family, more critically, the Vietnamese dad and how his detainment in North Vietnam has an effect on the family. Duc’s father was detained for more than 12 years. During this timeframe Nguyen’s family battled in the socialist lead society. La Fin d’un Cauchemar shows the encounters of a Vietnamese family in the light of what was happening around them. The Duc family stands illustrative of battling Vietnamese families during the Vietnam War. Nguyen’s family was troubled with persecution, disease, and a detained father. Following two years of not knowing the prosperity or whereabouts of her dad, Nguyen’s mother got a letter with the data that her better half was alive and detained in a North Vietnamese POW camp. Nguyen’s mother â€Å"†¦fought for two months to get a grant to visit [her] father, and afterward stand by similarly as long to get train tickets on the underground market. † (Duc, 1994, p. 419) The socialist legislature of Vietnam directed her family’s each move. The Vietnamese were seriously mistreated. Following Nguyen’s moms appearance of her dad, the family was overloaded by disease and discontent. Nguyen’s mother invested energy and cash visiting her dad and in doing so harmed herself. Nguyen’s mothers’ lower leg injury got contaminated and simultaneously her sister was dieing of kidney disappointment. Nguyen’s family was burdened with issues. Nguyen Qui Duc’s story demonstrates us an elective side to the war. One that didn’t manage fighters or fight. Duc’s once in a while described perspective places the peruser in the point of view of the Vietnamese non military personnel. Our sentiments are regularly contorted by outside sources. Outlets like motion pictures slant our comprehension of issues like the Vietnam War. Michael Medved (2005) a broadly coordinated radio anchor person, writer of 10 books, and film pundit says that â€Å"It is unquestionably increasingly regular in contemporary war films, paying little mind to the contention being portrayed, for the three components of the great war film to be flipped completely around. U. S. troops are almost certainly to be depicted as wiped out, twisted, and unbalanced regardless, altogether different from typical Americans. † (Medved, 2005, p. 53) Movies, a significant hotspot for our generation’s information and commonality of the Vietnam War, need validity and end up being conflicting. Duc’s story is one not in any case addressed in films. Regularly motion pictures are shot through the eyes of the American officers. The point of view of the Vietnamese individuals is never seen. Singular first individual records furnish us with a solid point of view of insiders that motion pictures can't. These two Vietnam accounts show alternate points of view of the Vietnam War. One being the perspective of an American warrior and the other being a Vietnamese family. The individual encounters of these characters help us to comprehend the war itself. Our age can gain from these encounters by perusing and recognizing the direct retellings of Vietnam. These accounts offer a genuine point of view of the Vietnam War, vastly different from that of the turned and glamorized Hollywood edge. First individual Vietnam stories are the most shrewd and stately bits of authentic setting we can acquire. While is important to perceive the greater plan of things it is critical to comprehend the points of view of the people required on the two sides, so as to put the Vietnam War itself in context. Reference Kennedy, C (2002). Profiles in Courage for Our Time. New York: Hyperion Books. McCain J. and Salter M. 2006) Preface from Faith of My Fathers. In K. Ratcliffe (Ed. ), Critical Literacies (third ed. , p 374-387) Boston: Pearson Custom. (Reproduced from Faith of My Fathers, (1999), Random House, Inc. Copyright 1999 by John McCain. ) Medved, M. , (2005). They don’t make war motion pictures like they used to. USA Today, 134, 52-55. Nguyen Qui Du’c. (2006). La Fin d’un Cauchemar. In K. Ratcliffe (Ed. ), Critical Literacies (thi rd ed. , p 418-425) Boston: Pearson Custom. (Reproduced from Where the Ashes are: The Odyssey of a Vietnamese Family (1994), by Permission of the Author)

8 Great Companies for Earning Extra Cash

8 Great Companies for Earning Extra Cash 8 Great Companies for Earning Extra Cash 8 Great Companies for Earning Extra CashWant to earn some more money, but aren’t super into the idea of getting a full-on second job? Two bosses, two timecards, two sets of annoying company “guidelines” to memorize? No thanks.Lucky for you, it’s 2017. Thanks to a whole host of different apps and website, running a side hustle has never been easier. You can walk dogs, deliver food, drive people aroundthe choices are pretty much endless.Here’s a list of eight companies that make earning extra income as hassle free as it can be.1.       @CareDotComDo you have some spare nights and weekends and knack for babysitting or dog walking? Then you should create a profile on Care.com and look for caregiver gigs in your area! Care.com [www.Care.com] makes the search and hiring process much easier for folks on both sides of the equation.   Categories of care featured on the site included tutors, daycare, nannies, adult and senior care, pet sitters and housekeepers.2.       @LyftGrab your self a piece of the sharing economy by becoming a driver with Lyft [www.Lyft.com]. You can get started by downloading their app and creating a driver profile. The company will then do background and DMV checks before giving you the greenlight to start picking up passengers. You keep a portion of the ride fees and 100% of your tips, plus you’ll get insurance coverage through Lyft while you’re driving. Take advantage of surge pricing to make your rides go even further!3.       @RoverDotComThis is a great way to earn extra income if you work from home or have a nontraditional schedule. (Oh and liking dogs is also pretty important.) Through Rover.com [www.Rover.com], you can sign up to work as a dog walker or sitter. All qualified applications need to do is create a profile and connect with pet parents in their area that are in need of assistance. If you love dogs, but don’t have the flexibility to walk them regularly, why not get paid to have one stay at your house while its owne rs are out of town on vacation? Plus, general liability coverage and 24/7 support (including vet assistance) is provided.4.       @AirbnbDo you have an extra room in your home that’s just sitting idle? Well, you can turn that room into income by renting it out to travelers through AirBnB   [www.Airbnb.com]. If you’re really serious about your earning potential, you could even rent out your entire home and stay over with friendsâ€"although it would be polite to give them a cut. AirBnB is a leader in the sharing economy. Create a host profile today and start connecting with travelers looking to save money by steering clear of expensive hotels.5.       @TaskRabbitWith so many families needing two full-time incomes nowadays to make things work, it’s not surprising that theyre willing to pay to get smaller tasks taken care of. If you have skills as a cleaner or a handyman, you can sign up for TaskRabbit [www.TaskTabbit.com] and start getting paid to do your neighbor’s chores and repairs. Heck, you don’t even need special skills for some of these tasksâ€"like packing boxes, building furniture, or running errands. Extra time and energy will serve you just fine.6.       @UpworkThis is a great site to find work if you have skills as a writer, web developer, or even as a customer service rep. Businesses all over the countryâ€"especially small onesâ€"need help writing copy, creating websites or social media pages, and handling the extra customer loads during busy seasons. With UpWork [www.Upwork.com], you can create a profile for your services and then connect with businesses that need help. The site covers many different categories of work and can provide help with invoicing and payments.7.       @WyzantTutoring is one of those few ancient professions that is still in high demand. Kids are always going to need help with their more difficult subjects. If you have a bunch of knowledge from chemistry, math and English classes that’s just sitting around in your brain gathering dust, why not put it good use and earn some extra dough? Create a profile on Wyzant [www.Wyzant.com] and get in touch with parents in your area whose kid’s need help studying. You can work according to your schedule, and Wyzant will help you track your time and payments to make sure you get properly compensated.8.       @PostmatesIf people are willing to pay to have stuff delivered, then that means you can earn money being the one who delivers it. Postmates [www.Postmates.com] is a company that lets folks order food and groceries from any restaurant or any store and have them brought right to their door. You don’t even have to have a car to work with them, you can do it on a bike or on foot. (Of course, having a car means you’ll be able to accept more gigs.) This is a great gig for people who can work on nights and weekends since that’s when most people are ordering food or other goods.If you want to learn more about starting a side hustle, check out our inte rview with Nick Loper, founder of Side Hustle Nation.

Post-Cold War Period Causes of Conflict Essay - 1706 Words

Post-Cold War Period Causes of Conflict The end of the Cold War meant that the ideological conflict of dominance between East (Soviet Union and Eastern Europe) and West (USA and Western Europe) was over. Contrary to the expectations that world would be much safer in the post-Cold War, United States and Soviet Union were faced with new security issues that they did not know how to deal with. The objective of this essay is to show that with all these changes that occurred with the end of the Cold War, causes of the conflict indeed altered from the classic ones. First the end of the Cold War and the changes in the world order that followed will be outlined. Secondly, the increase in wars within†¦show more content†¦Snow (1991, p.44) states that [i]n simpler days during Cold War, possession of nuclear weapons was thought to provide the possessors with the special power, that could be translated into usable influence in the international system. This means that some conflicts were kept under control because the world was ruled by bipolar system (USA and Soviet Union). However, conflicts were not absent during this period, but the parties in a conflict would often seek assistance from one of the superpowers and hence strengthen the conception of a bipolar world (e.g. the Vietnam War). With the end of the Cold War this system transformed into a multipolar system wh ere new conflicts emerged. As Mearsheimer states, key elements in the Long Peace was bipolarity, an equal balance of military power and nuclear weapons. (Mearsheimer 1990,Why We Will Soon Miss The Cold War). This factor was now no longer present, although some scholars argue that this era is characterised by unipolarism (i.e. US hegemony), rather than multipolarism. From wars between states to wars withinstates The vast majority of conflicts before and during the Cold War were between states. In the post-Cold War period the number of interstate wars decreased, and new threats occurred, such as ethnic conflicts, rise of nationalism, global threats to the environment and terrorism. These were dominant factors thatShow MoreRelatedWorld Events And Trends Can Be Analyzed Through The Three Levels Of Analysis1511 Words   |  7 Pagestheir personalities affect the outcomes of conflict (Rourke, 65). State level factors discuss the actions of the state and the causes for its internal policies (Rourke, 78). Also, the system level of analysis, emphasizes the conditions of the world during an event, this can include factors such as power, technology and economics)(Rourke, 91). All of these together form a picture of how events unfold. The periods of the Cold War and the Post-Cold War period are not fully comparable by the standardsRead MoreTo What Extent was the Cold war Caused by Ideological Diffe rences?1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, a period of sustained political and military tension between the USA and the USSR, resulted in various viewpoints concerning the cause of the tension emerging. Until today the question remains unresolved, even after the 1991 release of Soviet archives. The main point of disagreement relates to the roles that ideology played in the events between 1945 and 1949. Was it the strongly opposing ideologies, capitalism and communism, or power and material interest that drove both superpowersRead MoreEssay on Examining the Possible Causes of the Cold War1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe causes of the Cold War and how it developed into one of the largest unarmed struggles in history have been subject to much debate and consequently a number of schools of thought have developed as to the origins of the Cold War. These proposed explanations to the causes of the Cold War have consisted of the orthodox, revisionist and post-revisionist theories. Each t heory demonstrates a different viewpoint as to how a variety of political, economic and militaristic factors instigated the Cold WarRead MoreThe Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis1690 Words   |  7 PagesConflict of political ideologies is something that was present since the dawn of American history. The American revolt against the arrogant, totalitarian regime set a precedent for the future events in which the nation came together to oppose anything that went against the concept of democracy, and capitalism. Communism, or Marxism posed as a huge threat to the free mined Western societies, thus resulting in world wars that left perilous aftermaths, and bred an ongoing conflict between the two globalRead MoreThe Military Of American Army Downsizing1445 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I and World War II, when the Great Depression made military preparedness a very low national priority. The Army’s downsizing effect put its readiness in an uncertain environment. A rmy downsizing and failure to maintain a suitable balance in combat readiness would degrade America’s ability to respond to future threats to its interests. The Historical Background of American Army Downsizing Since the birth of the US, the Army repeatedly downsized its force following major conflicts. TheRead MoreThe Cold War Between Communism And Communism1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War The conflict in ideologies between capitalism and communism resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The belief that freedom and democracy would die under communist rule caused the United States to start a conflict that would last for decades. The decisions made by the United States in W.W.II caused tensions to rise between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. Fear of Communism in capitalist nations, caused the United states government to use propaganda to raiseRead MoreThe Cold War : A Conflict Between Capitalist And Communist Nations Of The World989 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was a conflict between the capitalist and communist nations of the world that lasted from the end of World War 2 into the 1990 s. Problems created by the Cold War still exist today, although many of the combat countries do not directly. Capitalist nations are sometimes referred to as the First world, communist nations are often called the Second world, and the developing nations o f Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia are often referred to the Third world. The Cold War wasRead MoreThe Vietnam War And The Cold War1494 Words   |  6 Pages When examining the Vietnam War you must first understand the involvement of the events surrounding the Cold War. The ‘Vietnam War’ as it is known is a product of the cold war era, by this I mean that events in the Cold War led to the US’s involvement and creation of issues causing the conflict. â€Å"The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the UnitedRead MoreCanada And The Cold War1514 Words   |  7 Pages Canada and the Cold War The Cold War is a time of managed political and military coercion and turmoil between the superpowers. It was a war that actually wasn t your common war. There were numerous military aircraft flying over the nations dropping bombs, no tanks no ground troops, no really organization of rockets, and no ground troops. Then again, there were a stockpile of atomic weapons, cash was being spent like a really war was being battled, purposeful publicity, there were two superpowerRead MoreUnited States And Soviet Union1221 Words   |  5 PagesFollowing World War II there was a lot of tension between two of the Allied countries. The United States and the Soviet Union were in a state of political and military tension with each other. Opposing ideologies on how to deal with the world’s affairs post World War II fueled this rivalry but there was always a tension between the two countries. World War II, with its common goal, brought these two countries together as allies. With Hitler and t he Nazis threating their way of living these two countries

A Study on Consumer Perception Towards Online Grocery Store

A Study on Consumer Perception towards Online Grocery Store By Himanshu S Mishra Submitted In fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Masters in International Management To Institu d Administration des Enterprises Greater Noida Campus, India University of Poitiers, France April, 2013 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the project report titled â€Å"A Study on Consumer Perception Towards Online Grocery Store†, under the guidance of Prof: Debjani Bhattacharyais my work submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of MASTERS IN INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT from INSTITU ADMINISTRATION DES ENTERPRISES, Poitiers and not submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, fellowship or any†¦show more content†¦Research Objectives 14 3.2 Research Scope 14 3.3 Research Design and Methodology 14 3.4 Sampling 14 3.5 Questionnaire Design 15 Analysis and Findings 17 4.1 Demographic observations 17 4.2 Questionnaire Analysis 21 Chapter 5 33 CONCLUSION 33 5.1 Summary 33 5.2 Limitations 33 5.3 Revisiting objectives 33 5.4 Major Findings 34 5.5 Future Scope 34 5.6 Recommendation 35 5.7 Conclusion 35 Bibliography: 40 Reference Links: 40 Web Links 40 List of Figures Figure 1: Gender Distribution 18 Figure 2: Age distribution of sample 19 Figure 3: Occupation of sample 20 Figure 4: Average Annual Income of sample 21 Figure 5 : Popularity of online items 22 Figure 6: amount of money spent on online shopping 23 Figure 7: Need of shopping online 24 Figure 8: Features of websites attracting users 25 Figure 9: Features effecting the most satisfaction 26 Figure 10: Issues considered while shopping online 28 Figure 11: Shops preferredShow MoreRelatedConsumer Perceptions Towards E Grocery Market1396 Words   |  6 PagesINSTITUTE OF ADVANCED MANAGEMENT STUDIES RESEARCH REPORT ON Consumer perceptions towards â€Å"Flipkart† going into grocery market. 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Grocery competition exists locally, since there is only so far that consumers are willing to travel to fulfill their needs, so if a firm can dominate a market with minimal competing operators it will enhance its profitability. †¢ Safeway operates 1,743 stores (as of the end of 2007) across the Western, Midwestern and mid-Atlantic regions of the US and Western Canada. In addition to its self-titled supermarkets, it also operates a number of independent grocery stores acquired sinceRead MoreColes Key Issues on Commercial Food Production1089 Words   |  4 Pages COLES Coles(Company Background) Coles is owned by the Australian corporation wesfarmers.It was founded in 1914.This chain store has 742 stores which are all over australia.Coles employee more than 100000 employees and has huge share on australian retail supermarket. Introduction Australia is famous for fresh food supermarkets and here in australia two retails giantsRead MoreTesco Online Marketing Research in Thailands Markets2543 Words   |  11 PagesAssignment 1 – 50% Marketing Research Proposal – Individual Assignment Tesco-Online Thailand’s Failure to Penetrate Thai Markets Marketing Proposal Student Name: Weerapat Bhattharadheerakul Student ID: S00805162 Course Title: Digital Marketing Research Instructors Name: Gabriella Kerezturi Regent’s University London November 2014 Content Page Title Page 1 Table of contents 2 Executive Summary 3 1. Introduction 4 a. IndustryRead MoreConsumer Perception Towards Online Grocery Store2982 Words   |  12 Pages(airlinetickets, railway tickets, hotel bookings, online mobile recharge etc.).Online retailing comprises about 15%. India has close to 10 million online shoppers and isgrowing at an estimated 40-45% per annum.The rapid growth of e-commerce in India is being driven by greater customer choice andimproved convenience.The project was undertaken under the supervision of Nirala Imex Inc who currently has theirbusiness operation in Taiwanese market in selling of Indian grocery items to the localretailers amp; wholesalerRead MoreIT Strategy for New Supermarket in Huddersfield, UK3343 Words   |  13 Pagesmassive chain of retail stores across a vast area. Opening up a single grocery location now depends more on just the strategy to direct operations. It includes a wide variety of IT strategies meant to brand, market, and capitalize on the locations best attributes. All grocery markets, big and small, must have an online presence, utilizing new innovations like social media and search engine optimization (SEO) in order to best capture a new market of ever-evolving consumers and compete to stay relevantRead MoreResearch Project29890 Words   |  120 PagesEmpirical study of grocery stores in Umea. Authors: Chingang Nde Daniel Lukong Paul Berinyuy Supervisor: Sofia Isberg Student Umeà ¥ School of Business Spring semester 2010 Master thesis, one-year, 15 hp Abstract Service quality and customer satisfaction are very important concepts that companies must understand in order to remain competitive in business and hence grow. It is very important for companies to know how to measure these constructs from the consumers’ perspectiveRead MoreThe Success Of Sam Walton1702 Words   |  7 PagesArkansas as the owner of a franchise store called Ben Franklin (Shenron, 2009). Six years later Walton relocated the store to the town square of Bentonville, Arkansas and renamed it Walton’s Five and Dime. By 1962, Walton’s innovational management style empowered him to open a second store just seven miles down the road in Rogers, Arkansas. Before the year was out, Walton owned eleven stores locally. He was driven by â€Å"his vision of a discount retail store in rural areas† (Biography.com Editors

The Factors Affecting Insomia Free Essays

Surveys in industrialized western countries found that in any one year, about one-third of the adult population say they have some degree of Insomnia. 34 doctors said that about 12% of their patients complain of sleep disturbance (Lack and Thorn 1991). They also sound that 33% of adults reported difficulty sleeping, and 11% said they has problems sleeping at least frequently. We will write a custom essay sample on The Factors Affecting Insomia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other research indicates that 75% of people with chronic insomnia who seek treatment at clinics or are poor sleepers blame the sleep problems on stressful life events ( Kales, 1984). Even though the information from Kales seems like a high estimate, it appears likely that chronic insomnia often develops from emotionally transient or short-term insomnia. Insomnia can be looked at as total lack of sleep but others say it†s a sleep disorder. Allen (1991) believes that insomnia is not a disorder but a symptom or a group of symptoms. Insomnia is the inability to fall asleep, frequently and prolonged gross physical or psychological pathology. This is said to be one of the most common sleep disturbances. Insomnia is the opposite form of sleep disturbance and it may be an associated with a variety of pathological conditions. There are different kinds of insomnia: 1) Transient insomnia which is a sleep complaint that has been present for only a few nights, 2) Short-term insomnia a condition that last for six or eight weeks; and 3) Chronic insomnia which are symptoms that have been occurring for years. (Mant Bearpark, 1990) Some drugs and behaviors can result in or worsen sleep problems, such as drinking caffeine-containing beverages, smoking and alcohol intake before going to bed. Varying bedtimes from night to night and changing work shifts are other lifestyle factors that can undermine sleep quality (Searle, 1998). Environmental factors such as noise from passing traffic, airplanes, neighbors stereo blasting aloud, too much light in a room and extreme temperature can disturb sleep. This disorder or just lack of sleep can be look at as some sort of Insomnia. Insomnia often present as one or more of the following: difficulty in getting to sleep, general sleep disturbance, and early morning awakening. Sleep in this case may not be shortened, but disrupted. However, if this becomes severe such disruption causes excessive daytime sleepiness (Horne, 1988). Coats and Thoresen (1984) designed a study to find out whether daytime thoughts and behavior are associated with good and poor sleep. The subjects in the study were two teachers with heavy daytime stress and insomnia. The goal of the study was to determine whether day or night sleeping brings about more cases of insomnia. They found a correlation between the amount of the subject†s actual sleep and mood the next day. This consisted of recordings for the subjects sleeping at nights, including individuals who to paid close attention to the subject†s teaching during that time, and a breakdown of subject†s thoughts and feelings as recorded on the tapes. In the results, the researchers found a connection between the daily actions (mood, stress-related behaviors and negative statements) and actual sleep relating to the complaint of lack of sleep (Coates Thorensen, 1984). Behavioral assessments can be a good way of treating insomniacs has shown in the previous study. Friedman, Bootzin, Hazelwood, and Tsao (1992) conducted a study to observe whether behavioral treatments can work for older adults with insomnia. The age group of these participants ranged from 46 to 76. They included experimental conditions for support and sleep hygiene, stimulus control and a control group. The results of the study reveal that all groups were capable of improving assessed awakenings, naptime, and a feeling of euphoria after waking up. The subjects at week 3 felt less depressed and slept better. Even after a 2year follow up, researchers also found that the stimulus control subjects kept on using the treatment and had a good sleep habit and sleep quality. Therefore, the researchers concluded that behavioral treatments would be effective in improving sleep among older adults with insomnia. Other considerations of treatment such as drug treatment, physical exercise, sleep environment and diet. In drug treatment, drugs that enhance sensory flow and activation (antidepressants and Ritalin) are only good for short-term use ( Baekenland , 1970). Physical exercise can help to increase sensory flow and activation for the efficient onset and maintenance of sleep. A good sleep environment such as going to bed with the television, radio, fan or light is often helpful because it can enhance sensory flow and accompany anxiety that comes with lack of sleep. In diet, a high protein (fat) low carbohydrate diet would benefit sleep because it helps to keep blood sugar falling to the low levels that trigger adrenegic alerting reactions. It also increases NE, an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and depresses brain seratonin an inhibitory neurotransmitter ( Schildkruat, 1967). How to cite The Factors Affecting Insomia, Essay examples

Law Essays - The Law Of Life, Embers, Death, Moose, Gray Wolf

Law Of Life By Koshoosh Death is an end result of any living creature in Nature. As an intelligent species it is sometimes difficult, especially when personally facing death, to accept this brutal reality. Koshoosh, in "The Law of Life" written by Jack London, experiences the intelligible acceptance of the "law of...flesh"(890). He is found being left alone by his tribe "in the snow, with a little pile of wood."(891) When he starts his reflective meditation on people and events he has observed throughout his life, he tries to understand the reason for his death. Although the body may be old and unable to defend itself physically, there is a conscious desire to live on. Therefore an individuals acceptance of death does not illustrate their surrender to it. Koshoosh is almost admirable in facing death. His "barbaric mind was capable of "(891) understanding his brutal environment because he too left his father at one time. This made him no better than anyone else in the tribe. Koskoosh once was the leader of his tribe, he did "great deeds and made his name a curse in the mouths of the Pellys"(893). He has become a serene and wise old man through his experiences and knowledge. On an intellectual level Koskoosh accepts death but as a human he still has a strong will to survive. Koskoosh is faced with many forces, externally and internally, that are working to bring his life to an end. Externally, one of the most apparent is the cold of the winter wind and the snow. He uses the fire in front of him for warmth and the "shelter of his mangy furs"(889) to protect him from the elements. He also has a limited supply of wood, and he thinks, "measure of his life was a handful of faggots."(890) When they were finished then frost would take over. That is if "the glowing eyes, the lolling tongues, the slavering fangs'"(893) of the wolves didn't get him first. Koshoosh is also faced with internal forces, which is the acceptance and understanding of his death, in the way of nature. Koskoosh feels "forlorn and helpless"(889) in his internal struggle to survive against what he understands to be "the way of life."(890) Koskoosh begins the first of many reflections in his struggle to understand his fight for life. He is listening to his granddaughter give commands to break camp. He longs for her to at least say goodbye, but knows that "the duties of life, not death"(889) call to her. Koskoosh understands that if she slows down to visit with him it will jeopardize the health of the tribe, because they must follow the caribou. Koskoosh can also hear the cries of little Koo-tee who in his mind is a "fretful child, and not overstrong."(890) He feels as though the child would die soon, again he is internally enforcing to himself that death will come to everyone. In the dialogue between Koskoosh and his son, he expresses his acceptance of death and begins to reassure his son as well as himself that there will not be a great struggle for life. Through a comparison of his life to that of "last years leaf, clinging lightly to the stem."(890), just a breath will knock it off "and I fall."(890) Koskoosh is also affirming to himself that "All men must die."(890) and that the practice of leaving the old and sick behind "was the way of life, and it was just."(890) In hearing his fathers' acceptance Koskoosh's son leaves. Although Koskoosh makes this statement, he still tries to answer to himself his role in nature. He then begins to describe natures lack of "concern for that concrete thing called the individual"(891). In that nature's interest lies in the species not the individuals struggle for life. Koskoosh relates structures such as the "bursting greenness of the willow"(891) but then in the fall the yellowing of the leaves. He thinks of how the "mosquitoes vanished with the first frost."(891) When rabbits and squirrels get to old to carry on they either die or get caught by their enemies. He thinks of how he's "been left, in the snow, with a little pile of wood"( 891). He is feeling some self-pity because he knows this is the end for him but his desire to survive is strong and he places another "stick carefully upon the fire"(891) he must keep warm to herd off death a little while longer. Koskoosh continues in his meditations and reflections in search for the truth in his question of surrendering to

Free Essays on A History Paper

Hinton Rowan Helper and George Fitzhugh both had strong feelings regarding slavery and Northern and southern society. George Fizhugh believed that the north’s definition of equality of rights, and liberty was somewhat altered. George Fitzhugh believed that the north â€Å"enslaved† more people than the south in the sense that people that had money and land were the â€Å"new masters† of the poor, and were crueler than any southern slave owner. Fitzhugh, furthermore stated that the slaves in the south experienced numerous more rewards than any free white land worker that were over worked and under paid. Fitzhugh’s argument was that slaves didn’t have to worry about where they were to sleep, or about raising enough money to feed his family, as many white land workers in the north had to do. In the south all these things were provided for the slaves. Another argument was that the slave owners cared more about their slaves than the employers in the north, even through old age of the slave. Hinton Rowan Helper’s views on the north and south were somewhat different. He felt that the north was smart to have employees rather than slaves working in the field. Although Helper was a proud southern citizen, he felt that the south was being very nieve about how well the north was doing. Although southerners didn’t pay their slaves as the north did their field hands, the north was doing far better agriculturally than the south. The statistics from 1850 prove that the free states were making double, if not more, the amounts of wheat bushels and oats than the south. On top of doing better agriculturally they also had the best industry in the nation. All of the south went north for everything from books to clothing, and Helper knew that this put the south in a huge disadvantage. Helper wanted the south to keep it’s money circulating in the south, not given to the north. He felt that the only way for the south to get out of it’s... Free Essays on A History Paper Free Essays on A History Paper Hinton Rowan Helper and George Fitzhugh both had strong feelings regarding slavery and Northern and southern society. George Fizhugh believed that the north’s definition of equality of rights, and liberty was somewhat altered. George Fitzhugh believed that the north â€Å"enslaved† more people than the south in the sense that people that had money and land were the â€Å"new masters† of the poor, and were crueler than any southern slave owner. Fitzhugh, furthermore stated that the slaves in the south experienced numerous more rewards than any free white land worker that were over worked and under paid. Fitzhugh’s argument was that slaves didn’t have to worry about where they were to sleep, or about raising enough money to feed his family, as many white land workers in the north had to do. In the south all these things were provided for the slaves. Another argument was that the slave owners cared more about their slaves than the employers in the north, even through old age of the slave. Hinton Rowan Helper’s views on the north and south were somewhat different. He felt that the north was smart to have employees rather than slaves working in the field. Although Helper was a proud southern citizen, he felt that the south was being very nieve about how well the north was doing. Although southerners didn’t pay their slaves as the north did their field hands, the north was doing far better agriculturally than the south. The statistics from 1850 prove that the free states were making double, if not more, the amounts of wheat bushels and oats than the south. On top of doing better agriculturally they also had the best industry in the nation. All of the south went north for everything from books to clothing, and Helper knew that this put the south in a huge disadvantage. Helper wanted the south to keep it’s money circulating in the south, not given to the north. He felt that the only way for the south to get out of it’s...

Weird tourist attractions across the globe. Read more

Weird tourist attractions across the globe. Read more Top 6 weird tourist attractions around the world Halloween tours gain popularity among common travelers, as they allow you to explore the creepiest places on our planet. We’ve made a list of tourist spots that will set your imagination on fire. For all those, who love things that go bump in the night and can’t live without the mysterious, we have a treat: The Giant’s Causeway, Northern Ireland. Basalt columns, shaped in the form of a giant’s palm, are known to be one of the best sites in Northern Ireland. The odd structure that dates back to the days when Anglo-Saxons ruled Britain resembles a fantastic composition out of a fairy tale and is popular among tourists, who want a touch of history to their traveling routine. The Tianzi Mountains, China. Located in the Hunan Province in China, these peaks are nothing short of the ordinary. They are often covered in mist, and fog never ceases to flow over the cliffs. Many people say this is because the place is sacred, and tourists are attracted by sense of wonder that is present in Tianzi. You can take a car to the nearby village and later choose one of the trails to soak in the views. Besides, the magical sight of the mountains inspired film directors to create â€Å"Avatar†. The floating cliffs that we see in the movie are certainly a tribute to the Tianzi. The Nasca Lines, Peru. These strange geometric figures and animalistic images, etched into Pampa de San Josà ©, remain a mystery and excite a traveler’s mind anytime one comes closer for examination. Visible only from a distance and from a tower, located nearby, these lines may serve as an evidence of an ancient civilization that once inhabited the barren lands. What makes this sight even more exciting is the art of performance. The Nasca made the images stretch in one single line, and some of the shapes and forms are still not explained by science. Socotra Island, Yemen. Socotra Island may not belong to Africa geographically, but its unique flora causes scientists to open their mouths in awe. The island is mainly comprised of barren lands, covered with various species of fruits and plants. Most of them look bizarre to a European eye, and the biodiversity that is present on Socotra can make anyone speechless. Travelers love Socotra for its unbelievable atmosphere and the feeling of otherworldliness that engulfs you once you step on this land. Among the species that are particularly eccentric we can name the dragon’s blood tree with its extensive root system and a crown that looks majestic and scary. Chocolate Hills of Bohol Island, the Philippines. Conical in shape, these hills were once coral deposits. UNESCO named them one of the world's natural wonders, though some of the scientists claim their origin to be man-made. However, the hills are now more than 1, 000 years old, and when the rainy season is over, they gradually turn brown. This is why people associate them with chocolate cones and ice cream every time they are mentioned in the press. Goblin Valley State Park, Utah, USA. Though it may look like a Martian surface from the distance, this site has nothing to do with space. Situated two miles away from Salt Lake City, strange concrete formations earned their name due to their eerie shape. Scientists claim that years of erosion and exposure to wind and sand have caused these structures to look the way they do now. You can take a drive from Salt Lake City to see the goblin monuments with your own eyes – the impression is all the more creepy as they are located in the middle of a barren plain.

Journal Entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Journal Entry - Essay Example These and many other issues have made it necessary that all stakeholders in the nursing fraternity should seek to be active when it comes to developing health regulations and policies. This is contrary to the existing scenario in which government policy makers and not healthcare professionals are developing them. With the increasing complex landscape of patient care, it is the role of the nurses and nurse leaders to devise measures of providing the required care. This is because nurses are the healthcare professionals who execute all the roles required to foster faster and better recovery of patients. Additionally, they spend the most time beside patients’ beds. One of the major ways of addressing this is by implementing the all-round foci as taught in nursing school that range from preventive care, patient communication, improving efficiency, cost containment, and more importantly preventing relapse and costly returns to healthcare institutions by the patients. In a nutshell, the nurse can only be able to implement such if they become active in developing health policies and regulations since they understand the patients’ needs and welfare than do the federal and state bodies. The landscape of patient care is expanding and varying rapidly, and efficient strategies such those m entioned can only be identified and customized for the good of patients if healthcare professionals are allowed the necessary support and freedom. Nurses should take up the challenge of being politically active because it is a sacrifice required to bring a better healthcare system into existence. Political skills are required in addition to energy, time, will, and resources of power. One way to become politically active is by providing first-person perspectives on matters healthcare by highlighting the impacts that certain regulations, bills, or decisions are bound to affect the healthcare fraternity. This includes patients and

Not Your Dream Team Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Not Your Dream Team - Assignment Example The first stage is formation where the team members will come together with the aim of fulfilling a goal. The second is the storming stage where each member is struggling for his or her ideas to be heard and therefore marked by chaos and conflicts. The third stage is the norming stage where now the members come to know each other and start accepting each other’s ideas. The next is the performing stage where the group now focuses on achieving the goal and hence no conflict at this stage. Finally, having achieved its purpose, the group adjourns. 2. Mallory joined Think Link as assistant marketing manager for new products; two software programs were being designed to help high school students learn algebra and geometry. Murray’s manager is Lin Chen (marketing manager). Other members on the cross-functional development team with her are Todd Schlotsky (senior programmer); Sean Traynor (vice-president for marketing); Joyce Rothman (a former high school teacher who co-founded Think Link; she works only part-time in the company); and Harlow Gray (educational consultant). In this paragraph, the bases of power are mentioned and this will determine the decisions made in the organization. Sean for example is the Vice president and he has therefore the most authority in the company based on the positional power he is holding. The decisions Sean will make will therefore not be contested or argued with as a result of his prestigious position in the organization. Sean holds legitimate power due to his position as the vice-president, Lin and Todd and Mallory hold expert power as a result of their knowledge in their different fields. Mallory, Joyce and Harlow also hold referent power due to their ability to be consulted by others in different places. Sean also holds coercive power which is portrayed later when he fires Lin. The above team also hold reward power which they use to give bonus on software. 3. After her first week on the job, Mallory was considering qu itting. â€Å"These people are so opinionated and competitive,† she complained. Sean, Joyce and Harlow, in Mallory’s opinion, don’t listen to anyone’s ideas at team meetings; they only talk about their concerns. â€Å"Sean thinks his rank entitles him to make all the decisions in the team. Joyce thinks her opinions should carry more weight because she was instrumental in creating the company. And Harlow views everyone as less knowledgeable than he is and discounts their information as â€Å"out-of-date†, because he consults with the â€Å"outside† – other software firms and school districts. Lin, who is supposed to have the leadership role in this team, is passive and quiet. While he sends out agendas, and organizes meetings, people ignore him at the meeting; when he is speaking, people interrupt him or talk over him. He appears to avoid all the conflict and lack of progress by rushing off to another meeting. The team didn’t a ccomplish any agenda items at the first meeting I was at.† When a group is forming, it undergoes several stages and the hardest and most challenging one is the storming stage where every member wants his or her opinion to be taken into consideration. This is exactly the stage this group is in where the members are not willing to listen to each other’

Margaret Thatcher and Martin Luther King Speech Comparison

Margaret Thatcher and Martin Luther King Speech Comparison With reference to the two speakers Margaret Thatcher and Martin Luther King, compare the way in which English may be used for rhetorical purposes in political and religious speeches. Collins Dictionary defines ‘rhetoric’ as ‘the art or study of using language effectively and persuasively’ and it is no surprise that such a skill is often in evidence with great politicians or religious leaders. The need to actively promote ones message in a good light, especially if it is a controversial decision that will be open to debate, is vital and can mean the difference between success and failure. Indoctrination or persuasion of the masses has, since the very dawn of primitive communication, set opinionated beings against each other and propelled those who are able to work effectively within the recognised techniques of rhetoric into the limelight of society. Indeed, historical figures from Gandhi to Hitler have used vocal stimulus to spread their message and influence the masses, and through various techniques, well constructed rhetorical speeches are effectively ‘audience management devices’ giving their listeners cues, reference po ints and the suggested positions of applause. Within this essay, I will be investigation Thatcher’s and King’s manipulation of such techniques.   Beginning with Margaret Thatcher’s speech to the Conservative Party Bournemouth conference in 1990, it is interesting to note how she begins her speech with an impassioned mention of a former colleague killed in Ireland. Building up to what will later become a key issue in her speech, she utilizes emotive language ‘Before he was murdered by the IRA, Ian taught us how a civilised community should respond to such an outrage’ insinuating the absolute guilt of the IRA and to set a tone of compassion within her rhetoric that must have softened the hearts of her audience and helped gain ‘their approval and support for her and their messages and sentiments.’ However, in Martin Luther Kings 1963 ‘I have a dream’ address to a great wave of protesting civil rights campaigners, the tone is somewhat different. Rather than speaking to a more contained group of political figures, he is responsible for enflaming the hearts of thousands of concerned individuals who may well however have come from all walks of life, and his opening rhetoric seems to reflect this. Rather than Thatcher’s heartfelt vote of sympathy for a colleague presumably known by most within the conference, Luther Kings audiences only common ground is their struggle and desire to take action, and he attempts to arrest the feeling of this need. ‘I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.’   Here, King is dealing in emotive absolutes, building up the importance of the event, and stirring he crowd into excitement and attentiveness, ready to take in the re st of his great speech. Indeed, religious and civil rights speakers, like Luther King, often depend rather more on verbal eloquence and spontaneous creativity than their political counterparts. In a setting that is less formal and subject to passions rather than cleverly crafted spin, little of these speeches may be scribed in advance and an old African tradition of ‘call and response’ has been noted by the linguistic researchers ‘Keith and Whittenberger Keith (1986.) Indeed, this is evident several times over in Kings speech, firstly as a call to all in the first line, and then again with open comments ‘Let us not wallow in the valley of despair’ and of course, the famous ‘I have a dream’ statement. Both of these lines, and more in the speech besides, showcase this ‘call and response’, while one notes that in Margaret Thatcher’s speech she appears to address and name check ‘Mr President’ when she addresses her audience, offering a more official line of diction. It is also evident that King, in the style of such old African or Pentecostal preachers, uses stark proverbs and a great deal of imagery within his words to ensure that his point is shown starkly to the many different sections of the community, both educated and not, that may be watching him perform. Using metaphor in describing his peoples struggle to being dealt an unfair deal in society, ‘In a sense weve come to our nations capital to cash a check,’ he constructs an entire paragraph around the paradigm of the need for money, a common problem everyone can relate too, and thus brilliantly engages his audience. Thatcher of course has the luxury of a fully engaged audience and prefers to allude to very real policy discussion, and witty asides that a fully educated audience of Conservative members can appreciate, once again proving that targeting ones audience is extremely important in the process of exploiting rhetoric. However, despite these subtle differences, it is noticeable that the arts and techniques of rhetoric, as studied and scribed by the researcher Atkinson, are commonly used in both King’s and Thatcher’s speeches. Obviously, despite being different types of rhetoric, quasi-religious/political and straight political, an underlying need to hold attention and elicit response is needed and so it is unsurprising that the ‘three part list’ is noticeable in both of these speeches. In Thatcher one such example is ‘Theyre quite short speeches. [laughter][fo 9] Monosyllables even. [laughter] Short monosyllables’ and within Kings address ‘We cannot walk alone; and as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back.’ Both obviously important moments in the speeches, Thatcher’s to insinuate a sense of party unity and witty aside, while Kings insists unrepentant solidarity and progress, the use of this ‘three point list’, simply a point made via the use of three specific components, is vital in amplifying general ideas and stimulating audience response. Coupled with this, and often obvious within such triplets, is the use of repetition, and to some extent rhyme, that is produced in these speeches. King repeats ‘I have a dream’ at the beginning of eight sentences rising to a feverish crescendo of spoken word politics to amplify and continuously reinforce his message (see end of his speech) and Thatcher uses the device more sparsely to achieve similar results. ‘new jobs. Better jobs. Cleaner jobs.’ Such ‘rhyming’ words coupled with exciting imagery within them (King uses ‘sweltering’ and ‘Oasis’ to compare the contemporary situation and his future vision of the state of Mississippi) can excite an audience and also give them a cue to respond in applause or a ‘holler back’ situation, depending on the nature of the address itself. Of course, we must also remember that these speakers will have used intonation and gesticulation not available in the transcripts of these speeches, but these are also very important in the art of successful rhetoric. The use of contrasts, and occasional symmetrical contrasts are also evident in both of these speeches; both Thatcher and King drawing on failures of others to highlight the superiority of the speaker’s favoured position. ‘I seemed to hear a strange sound emanating from Blackpool. And I thought at first it was seagulls. [laughter] Then I remembered that Labour was holding its annual Conference there’ and ‘And so weve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.’ Although, of course, the tones of these voices are very different, Thatcher taking a ‘cheap shot’ at the Labour party while King is striving to keep his protest on the ‘high plane of dignity and discipline,’ they both contrast their message with failures of a rival institution or the system as a whole. Cynics could of course dismiss this element of rhetoric as merely a desperate attempt to cover up ones own lurking bad points with those of others, although if ski lfully done, it can help immensely to highlight these problems and bring down the audience perception of what could be seen as a rival problem. So, in conclusion and despite the differing social and political contexts of the situations, Thatcher’s and Kings speeches, although unsurprisingly differently constructed and clearly intended for different audiences, contain many similarities in the type of rhetorical devices they use to get their messages across. Thatcher’s arguably more familiar and amusing speech is certainly more frivolous and snide at times, while Kings ‘I have a dream’ seems more spontaneous and impassioned, but in terms of historical importance, this seems unsurprising. Indeed, even looking at a more modern speech, that of Tony Blair’s 2003 declaration of British war on Iraq, similar techniques can be witnessed. Repetition and rhyme, ‘not why does it matter? But why does it matter so much?’ within a rhetorical question in this case; the use of a three part list ‘What changed his mind? The threat of force. From December †¦What changed his mind? The thre at of force. And what makes him†¦? The imminence of force’; and even an element of media call and response is in evidence ‘And now the world has to learn the lesson all over again.’ Of course, unlike Thatcher, there is no political backstabbing at a rival party, the situation would be deemed to important to go along that route, but he does nevertheless compare the way Saddam Hussain ran Iraq to the way the world should, in his view, progress. Indeed, it seems the art of rhetoric is largely formalized in terms of techniques, but can be used skilfully to push any doctrine in a creative and personal manner by an individual. Bibliography http://www.stanford.edu/dept/english/courses/sites/lunsford/pages/defs.htm http://www.margaretthatcher.com/Speeches/displaydocument.asp?docid=108217doctype=1 http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/Ihaveadream.htm http://politics.guardian.co.uk/foreignaffairs/story/0,11538,916789,00.html Collins English Dictionary (Collins: 2005) Janet Maybin (Editor), Neil Mercer (Editor) From Conversation to Canon (English Language: Past,Present Future) (Taylor Francis: 1996) 130

A New Design Based Software Coupling Metric

A New Design Based Software Coupling Metric 001.png">ABsTRaNutmeg State—Thymineheincreasinanogramdemandfield-grade officerRsofttungstenarhenium QUalitymvitamin EasUrvitamin Emvitamin ENational Trusts HasledTOvitamin EtenTnutsIVvitamin ERvitamin Esvitamin EaRdegree CelsiussHIntosofttungstenarheniummvitamin ETRhode Islanddegree CelsiusssaneodymiumTheDelawaresVELOPmvitamin ENTOdegree FahrenheitsOdegree FahrenheitTtungstenarheniummvitamin ETricexcessivelycubic decimeters.CReating degree CelsiusOmPONvitamin ENational TruststungstenhicharheniumRvitamin EUsable issvitamin Evitamin ENasONeOdegree FahrenheitThebesT Pradegree CelsiussTiceininvitamin DUsTrytovitamin Day.ThymineOdegree CelsiussRvitamin Eatvitamin ERvitamin EUsabledegree CelsiussOmPONvitamin ENational TrustsThe depenvitamin Dvitamin Ency beTtungstenvitamin Evitamin ENvitamin Eachdegree CelsiussOmPONvitamin ENational TrustsHOuldbeascubic decimeterOtungstenas POUS Secret ServiceIBlupus erythematosus.Hydrogenencvitamin E,TOmaintainhighQUalitysofttungstenaRvitamin E, de Vvitamin Ecubic decimeterOpers needTOsTRhode IslandVvitamin Efield-grade officerRacubic decimeterOtungsten–degree CelsiussOUPledaneodymiumHIghlydegree CelsiussOhesIVvitamin EDelawaressIgN.Holmiumtungstenvitamin EVvitamin ER,asmnutTIOnedbymaNew YorkRvitamin Esvitamin EaRdegree Celsiusshers,degree CelsiussOUPcubic decimeterInanogramaneodymiums cOhesIONmvitamin ETRhode Islanddegree Celsiussscubic decimeterackfield-grade officerRmacubic decimeteraneodymiumsTaNvitamin Dardized Delawaresdegree FahrenheitinITIONaneodymiumTHUsfield-grade officerRvitamin Eachmvitamin ETricThereismOrheniumTHaNONeinterpretatION.ThymineHIsPaperINational TrustRovitamin DUdegree Celsiussvitamin EsOUrVIelectronic warfareOdegree Fahrenheitmvitamin EasUrvitamin EmentOdegree Fahrenheitdegree CelsiussOUPcubic decimeterInanogramfield-grade officerRJavaProjvitamin Edegree CelsiussTsaneodymiumOUrImPcubic decimetervitamin EmnutcheapnessIONaPPRoach.COUPLiNgmvitamin ETRhode Islanddegree Celsiusssarheniumdegree Celsiu ssalculaterectile dysfunctionaTchlorineasslupus erythematosusVELbydegree CelsiussONsideringThe rvitamin Ecubic decimeteratIONshelloPs beTtungstenvitamin Evitamin ENThemvitamin ETHOvitamin DsOdegree FahrenheitchlorineaUS Secret ServiceEs.AluminumsO,itis hundredOmPaRvitamin Evitamin DtungstenithEastern Timeablisheddegree CelsiussOUPLiNgmvitamin ETricCalciferolIThymine,aneodymiumitisfield-grade officerUNvitamin DTHaTPrOPOserectile dysfunctionmvitamin ETricIsmOrhenium Rvitamin ELiaBlupus erythematosusaneodymiumadegree Celsiussdegree CelsiussUratvitamin E. INvitamin Dex Terms—COUPLiNg,ChlorineassDisilverRam,maintenance,DIThymine,softtungstenarheniumQUalitY. I.INTRODUCTION The term â€Å"coupling† was foremost used in package technology by Stevens et Al. [ 1 ] in the yearss when structured scheduling was the norm. It was defined as â€Å"the step of the strength of association established by a connexion from one faculty to another† . In the context of object-oriented design, yoke is seen in footings of how one category is connected to another. Matching indicates the dependence of a category on the other category. High dependence may diminish reusability of the category and increase care attempt. A turning figure of dependences indicate an increasing likeliness for the functionality of the category to be broken by alterations made to other categories. Changes in one category might take to ruffle consequence. Besides, high yoke will take to more testing attempts and more clip spent on proving. Low yoke and high coherence facilitate comprehension activities, proving attempts, reuse, and care undertakings. Hence, there is a demand to cipher m atching automatically to cut down the measuring attempt, subjectiveness and possible mistakes. This paper introduces a manner to calculate matching prosodies. Since yoke is the grade of interaction between categories, the basic thought underlying all matching prosodies is really simple: number how many interclass interactions there are in the system. Nevertheless there is considerable fluctuation depending on what counts as an interaction, how the numeration is done and how the sums are normalized. StRnutgtHOdegree Fahrenheitdegree CelsiussOUPLiNg Besides the figure of dependences, every dependence has a certain strength associated with it. The strength of a dependence indicates how interconnected these two categories are. A high value for strength means two categories use each otheraˆYs methods and/or types really often. As a consequence, take downing matching between two categories that are strongly coupled is more complex. The strength of yoke is influenced strongly by the manner two categories are coupled:GramOvitamin Dchlorineass– In this instance there is merely a individual category. Multiple categories are merged into one doing a individual category. This type of yoke is the strongest as all methods/properties of the category can be called. A god category will typically hold low coherence as unrelated categories are merged into one. Chlorineass–chlorineassBivitamin DangerNutmeg StateIONacubic decimeter– Two different categories which are dependent bi-directionally. This yoke is still really strong as a alteration in a individual category might ensue in a alteration to the other category. This type of matching is less strong compared to the god category as the communicating is re-strained to the public api ( application programming interface ) of the category. Chlorineass–chlorineassUNIdahoIRvitamin Edegree CelsiussTIONacubic decimeter– Two different categories with one category being dependent upon the other. This type of matching is less strong compared to the bidirectional yoke because lone alterations to the one category potentially alter functionality of a different category. The undermentioned facets of a dependence besides affect the strength of yoke: NitrogenUmberOdegree Fahrenheitinteradegree CelsiussTION– Two categories that are coupled but the sum of yoke is minimum have a less strong yoke compared to two categories with a batch of interactions. Because the increased figure of interactions it becomes more complex to divide the two categories doing them coupled more strongly. This paper proposes a yoke metric which is based on interaction between category methods. The matrix developed utilizing the proposed attack can be used to find bidirectional or uni- directional interaction. Besides, this matrix can be easy verified through category diagram. II.STATE – OF- THE- Art Survey of the Troy and Zweben [ 2 ] on matching suggests that the yoke is one of the most important properties impacting the overall quality of the design. No by and large accepted metric exists for matching ; nevertheless, by and large, it is accepted that excessively much yoke in a design leads to increased system complexness [ 3 ] ; hence, high yoke is considered as unsought belongings. Following describes some of the known attempts that are made for mensurating yoke. Yourdon and Constantine define the yoke as a grade of mutuality between faculties [ 4 ] . Bansiya [ 5 ] besides defines matching as a dependence of an object on other objects in a design. He uses DCC ( Direct Class Coupling ) metric that counts the figure of categories that a category is straight related to. This metric includes the categories straight related by property declaration and message passing ( parameter list ) in methods. Chidamber and Kemmerer [ 6 ] have besides discussed the yoke in the context of OO paradigm, in their sentiment ; two categories are coupled ; if the method of one category uses any method or case of other category. CBO ( Matching between object categories ) prosodies counts the figure of conjugate categories. In CBO metric, a category is coupled to other category if it uses the method or property defined in other category. CBO gives insight into of import facets of package design. Excessive CBO does non advance reuse as an object relies excessively to a great extent on another to be reused independently. If inordinate yoke is found between objects it is advised to cut down the sum of matching through refactoring. If non, alterations to the conjugate objects in the hereafter could ensue in relationships being modified that are unexpected. Making mock objects to prove within the conjugate objects besides provides extra complexnesss between objects further increasing the boundlessly hard job of proving a system. However, CBO metric does non separate among different types of interactions between two categories. Briand et Al. [ 7 ] present a package metric suite which accounts for class-attribute, class- Montazeri [ 11 ] argue that matching between two categories should be multi-faceted instead than being a remarkable relation. In other words there should be many facets taken into history when mensurating the matching relationship between categories within a system. To capture the run-time analysis of matching which can alter because of the polymorphism – an array of dynamic matching prosodies have been proposed. Beszedes et Al. [ 12 ] proposed a Dynamic Function Coupling ( DFC ) metric to capture the propinquity of maps on the run-time stack to foretell change-proneness and impact sets. Hassoun et Al. [ 13 ] prove the construct of dynamic yoke and that it is so a new dimension of matching between objects within a run-time environment. They find that polymorphous systems demonstrate less matching overall compared to an indistinguishable system that does non utilize polymorphism. Arisholm [ 14 ] introduces a dynamic yoke suite to mensurate run-time behaviour of a system and happen similar consequences to Emam et Al. [ 15 ] in that the best prosodies among the suite were those that dealt with export. III.PROPOSED APPROACH Class yoke is calculated by mensurating the dependence relationships between methods of different categories considered. Depending on the maps calls made to methods of different category, we have came up with matching metric. Matching between categories is shown is signifier of matrix [ I ] [ J ] where I and J are both symbolic Numberss for categories. matrix [ I ] [ J ] = Number of times the „class iaˆY calls the maps of „class jaˆY . Using this matrix, we can besides cipher entire yoke as: method, and method-method relationships and show that there is correlativity between these matching measurings with fault- proneness. In add-on, they inject that the usage of friend within C++ ThymineOTacubic decimeterdegree CelsiussoupLiNgOdegree Fahrenheitadegree Celsiusscubic decimeterassIiˆ? Nitrogen i?? Jiˆ?1 maTRIten[I] [J] NitrogeniˆÂ ­1 where N is to can increase the fault-proneness of categories even more than other types of yoke. Binkley and Schach [ 8 ] propose a Yoke entire figure of categories. Besides, the mean yoke for a undertaking can be calculated as: Dependency Metric which measures alteration and fault-proneness at a finer grain compared to other prosodies that restrict their range to the category degree. Fenton and Pfleeger [ 9 ] recognize yoke as a pair-wise measuring of the faculties. They have discussed about Nitrogen AveRsilvervitamin Edegree CelsiussoupLiNgOdegree FahrenheitPROJEuropean UnionTiˆ? i?? Jiˆ?1 where N is entire figure of categories. degree CelsiussoupLiNgOdegree Fahrenheitacubic decimetercubic decimeterdegree Celsiusscubic decimeteraUS Secret Servicevitamin Es Nitrogen mensurating the yoke on ordinal graduated table and they have classified the yoke in six pair-wise faculty relationships on ordinal graduated table. To mensurate matching, an thought of set of categorization of pair-wise relationships between faculties x and Y is used ; get downing from relation R0, R1, R2 to Rn. Relationss are subscripted from the least dependent at the start and the most dependent at the terminal, so that Ri & A ; gt ; Rj for I & A ; gt ; j. Modules x and Ys are said to be the slackly conjugate if one value is someplace in the start ( near to zero ) and modules tens and Ys are said to be tightly coupled if one value is someplace in the terminal ( near to n ) . In [ 9 ] , they have non described their Model for mensurating matching in footings of OO paradigm. Most of OO prosodies to mensurate matching are the numeration prosodies, which counts the figure of times a category establishes an OO relationship with other category. Liu and Xu [ 10 ] have proposed an object-oriented metric suite that measures the magnitude of matching between categories and show that their suite offers a new dimension of measuring complementing other prosodies. Hitz and The elaborate model of the proposed metric calculation is shown in figure 1. The procedure of computation of this matrix and its confirmation can be divided into four stages: – Phase 1 purposes at developing the information constructions need for farther computations. The information constructions ( List ) developed aid in designation of methods, categories to which they belong and the bundles to which they belong. Phase 2 purposes at designation of tuple ( naming map, naming category, called map, called category ) for each map call made inside maps of a category In stage 3, the procedure of stage 2 is repeated for each category nowadays in undertaking.The matrix [ I ] [ J ] is developed in this stage In stage 4, the confirmation of consequence against category diagram is done by formalizing that each non-zero value in matrix implies a connexion between two matching categories. Fig. 1.Framework of Proposed Approach IV.ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE There is a Java Project ‘Product Tree ‘ holding categories: Custom Dialog, Dynamic Tree, Dynamic Tree Product and Product. Class diagram of ‘Product Tree ‘ is shown in figure 2. A.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E1: LithiumsTvitamin Dvitamin EVELoperectile dysfunction 1 ) Classs along with their bundles: Fig. 2.Ccubic decimeterassDisilverRamOdegree Fahrenheit‘PhosphorusRoductTRvitamin Evitamin E ‘ GetProductText = Product, componentShown = CustomDialog, SetProduct = Product, GetProductType = Product, GetProduct=Product, main=DynamicTreeProduct, actionPerformed { Merchandise = prdtree, DynamicTree = prdtree, CustomDialog = prdtree, DynamicTreeProduct = prdtree } 2 ) List of method along with their categories: – { clearAndHide=CustomDialog, getHash=DynamicTree, windowClosing=CustomDialog, SetHashCode=Product, Product= Product, cretatAndShowGUI = DynamicTreeProduct, CustomDialog=CustomDialog, DynamicTree = DynamicTree, DremoveCurrentNode=DynamicTree, edit = DynamicTree, =DynamicTreeProduct, GetProductSymbol=Product, GetProductName = Product, getProduct = CustomDialog, GetHashCode=Product, DynamicTreeProduct=DynamicTreeProdu Nutmeg State, propertyChange = CustomDialog, addObject = DynamicTree } 3 ) List of get downing Lines Numberss of method inside category file: – { Merchandise = [ 9, 14, 17, 22, 25, 28, 31, 36, 39 ] , DynamicTree = [ 21, 36, 47, 56, 111, 125, 130 ] , CustomDialog = [ 30, 35, 78, 91, 104, 109, 171 ] , DynamicTreeProduct = [ 25, 54, 115, 130 ] } . Bacillus.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E2: ThymineaKINgvitamin ExamPlupus erythematosusOdegree FahrenheitDysprosiumNamicTREE The map call to GetHashCode ( ) is found at the line figure 77,92 and these figure lies between 56 and 111 in list 3, therefore matching by sing the list 4 for Dynamic Tree, we can place the naming map – removeCurrent Node ( ) . Besides, utilizing List 2, we identify that GetHashCode ( ) belong to category Product. Hence, Called category, called map, naming category, naming map , no. of times call is Product, GetHashCode ( ) , DynamicTree, removeCurrentNode ( ) and 2 severally. C.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E3:COUPLiNgMeteraTRnine The yoke matrix obtained for this undertaking is shown in tabular array I. Table I: Matching Matrix for ‘ProductTree ‘ TABLE II: Proposed Coupling and DIT For Different UndertakingsPhosphorusROJvitamin ENutmeg StateAvg. CalciferolInformation technologyAvg. CouPLinanogramKea1.680.17Anagram3.750.42Lamistra1.330.16JavaOperation1.750.09ProductTree4.300.92Besides a comparative graph is drawn to analyse the behaviour of proposed matching metric and DIT, as shown in Figure 3. 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 Avg. DIT Avg. Matching n the first row the value 2 in cell ProductTree [ CustomDialog ] [ Product ] implies that Custom Dialog calls 2 maps of Product which are viz. ( as confirmed from codification ) – GetHashCode ( ) , GetProductSymbol ( ) . Other nothing values in the row implies that no map of other categories is used in Custom Dialog. D.Phosphorushour anglesvitamin E4:Volteridegree FahrenheitIntelligence CommunityaTiONAgaINsTdegree Celsiusscubic decimeterassvitamin DIsilverRamvitamin Echlorineassvitamin DIsilverRam As evident from the category diagram, 1.Class Custom Dialog is merely dependent on category Product, therefore verifying the non zero value in Product column and other nothing values in row 1. 2.Class DynamicTree is merely dependent on category Product, therefore verifying the values in row 2. 3.Class DynamicTreeProduct is dependent on CustomDialog, DynamicTree and Product which is besides implied from row 3. 4.Class Merchandise in non dependent on any of other categories therefore all zero value in row 4 are right. V. RESULTS AND COMPARITION ANASYSIS To analyse the truth of proposed metric, the norm of proposed yoke and Depth of Inheritance Tree ( DIT ) is computed and compared for five big size Java based Open Source Software ( OSS ) . Comparative consequences are shown in Table 2 PhosphorusRojedegree CelsiussTNitrogenamvitamin E Fig. 3.Comparative Graph for Avg. Proposed Coupling and Avg. DIT Figure 3 shows that proposed matching gives more accurate value of matching since it considers heritage relationship along with other dependences like association, generalisation while DIT merely considered the heritage relationship between the categories. VI.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In decision, the attack developed in this paper provides a manner to develop prosodies for matching at category degree. The metric can easy be verified through category diagram. The consequence can besides be used to analysis the undertaking and develop suggestion to better its yoke. The attack is developed into codification merely for Java undertakings. In future, we aim to develop the merchandise for other common linguistic communications like C # , C++ etc. Besides,calculation of matching at higher degrees, bundle degree will be done to demo how faculties of undertakings are dependent on each other. The constructs of polymorphism will be taken into consideration for future enterprises. VII. Reference [ 1 ] .W. Stevens, G. Myers, and L. Constantine. Structured design. IBM Systems Journal, 13 ( 2 ) :115-139, 1974. [ 2 ] . D.A. Troy and S.H. Zweben, â€Å" Measuring the Quality of Structured Designs, † Journal of Systems and Software, Vol. 2, No. 2, June 1981, pp. 113 – 120. [ 3 ] .Harrison R. , Counsell S. , Nithi R. , â€Å"Coupling prosodies for object- oriented design† , Journal: Software Metrics Symposium, Metrics 1998. Fifth International pages: 150-157, 1998. [ 4 ] .Yourdon, E and Constantine, L.L. , Structured design, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ,1979. [ 5 ] . J. Bansiya, â€Å"A Hierarchical Model for object- orientated Design Quality Assessment† IEEE Transaction on package technology, Vol.28, No.1, January 2002. [ 6 ] . S.R. Chidamber, C.F. Kemerer, Towards a prosodies suite for object-oriented design, Proceedings of the Conference on Object- Oriented Programming: Systems, Languages and Applications ( OOPSLA aˆY91 ) , 1991. [ 7 ] . Briand, L. , Devanbu, P. , Melo, W. : â€Å"An probe into matching steps for C++† , Proceedings of ICSE 1997, Boston, USA, 1997. [ 8 ] . B. Binkley and S. R. Schach. Validation of the yoke dependence metric as a forecaster of run-time failures and care steps. In Proceedings of the 1998 ( 20th ) International Conference on Software Engineering, pages 452- 455, Apr 1998. [ 9 ] . Norman E. Fenton, Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, â€Å"Software Prosodies: A Rigorous and Practical Approach† , PWS Publishing Company, 1998 [ 10 ] . D. Liu and S. Xu. New quality prosodies for object-oriented plans. In Eighth ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing, pages 870875, Jul 2007. [ 11 ] . M. Hitz and B. Montazeri. Measuring matching and coherence in object oriented systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applied Corporate Computing, Monterrey, Mexico. , 1995. [ 12 ] . Beszedes, T. Gergely, S. Farago, T. Gyimothy, and F. Fischer. The dynamic map matching metric and its usage in package development. In CSMR '07. 11th European Conference on Software Care and Reengineering, pages 103-112, Mar 2007 [ 13 ] . Y. Hassoun, S. Counsell, and R. Johnson. Dynamic matching metric: cogent evidence of construct. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 152 ( 6 ) :273-279, Dec 2005. [ 14 ] . E. Arisholm. Dynamic matching steps for object-oriented package. In Proceedings of the Eigth IEEE Symposium on Software Metrics, pages 33-42, Jun 2002 [ 15 ] . K. E. Emam, W. Melo, and J. C. Machado. The anticipation of faulty categories utilizing object-oriented design prosodies. Journal of Systems and Software, 56 ( 1 ) :63-75, Feb 2001

Biography of Stephen Biko, Anti-Apartheid Activist

Steve Biko (Born Bantu Stephen Biko; December 18, 1946–September 12, 1977) was one of South Africas most significant political activists and a leading founder of South Africas Black Consciousness Movement. His death in police detention in 1977 led to his being hailed a martyr of the anti-apartheid struggle. Fast Facts: Stephen Bantu (Steve) Biko Known For:  Prominent anti-apartheid activist, writer, founder of Black Consciousness Movement, considered a martyr after his death in a Pretoria prisonAlso Known As:  Bantu Stephen Biko, Steve Biko, Frank Talk (pseudonym)Born:  December 18, 1946 in King Williams Town, Eastern Cape, South AfricaParents: Mzingaye Biko and Nokuzola Macethe DunaDied:  September 12, 1977 in a Pretoria prison cell, South AfricaEducation: Lovedale College, St Francis College, University of Natal Medical SchoolPublished Works:  I Write What I like: Selected Writings by Steve Biko, The Testimony of Steve BikoSpouses/Partners: Ntsiki Mashalaba, Mamphela RampheleChildren: 2Notable Quote: The blacks are tired of standing at the touchlines to witness a game that they should be playing. They want to do things for themselves and all by themselves. Early Life and Education Stephen Bantu Biko was born on December 18, 1946, into a Xhosa  family. His father Mzingaye Biko worked as a policeman and later as a clerk in the King William’s Town Native Affairs office. His father achieved part of a university education through the University of South Africa (UNISA), the distance-learning university, but he died before completing his law degree. After his fathers death, Bikos mother Nokuzola Macethe Duna supported the family as a cook at Greys Hospital. From an early age, Steve Biko showed an interest in anti-apartheid politics. After being expelled from his first school, Lovedale College in the Eastern Cape, for anti-establishment behavior, he was transferred to St. Francis College, a Roman Catholic boarding school in Natal. From there he enrolled as a student at the University of Natal Medical School (in the universitys Black Section). While at medical school, Biko became involved with the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). The union was dominated by white liberals and failed to represent the needs of black students. Dissatisfied, Biko resigned in 1969 and founded the South African Students Organisation (SASO). SASO was involved in providing legal aid and medical clinics, as well as helping to develop cottage industries for disadvantaged black communities. Biko and Black Consciousness In 1972 Biko was one of the founders of the Black Peoples Convention (BPC), working on social upliftment projects around Durban. The BPC effectively brought together roughly 70 different black consciousness groups and associations, such as the South African Students Movement (SASM), which later played a significant role in the 1976 uprisings, the National Association of Youth Organisations, and the Black Workers Project, which supported black workers whose unions were not recognized under the apartheid regime. Biko was elected as the first president of the BPC and was promptly expelled from medical school. He started working full-time for the Black Community Programme (BCP) in Durban, which he also helped found. Banned by the Apartheid Regime In 1973 Steve Biko was banned by the apartheid government. Under the ban, Biko was restricted to his hometown of Kings Williams Town in the Eastern Cape. He could no longer support the Black Community Programme in Durban, but he was able to continue working for the Black Peoples Convention. From King Williams Town, he helped set up the Zimele Trust Fund which assisted political prisoners and their families. Despite the ban, Biko was elected Honorary President of the BPC in January 1977. Detention Biko was detained and interrogated four times between August 1975 and September 1977 under Apartheid era anti-terrorism legislation. On August 21, 1977, Biko was detained by the Eastern Cape security police and held in Port Elizabeth. From the Walmer police cells, he was taken for interrogation at the security police headquarters. According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa  report, on September 7, 1977, Biko sustained a head injury during interrogation, after which he acted strangely and was uncooperative. The doctors who examined him (naked, lying on a mat and manacled to a metal grille) initially disregarded overt signs of neurological injury. Death By September 11, Biko had slipped into a continual semi-conscious state and the police physician recommended a transfer to hospital. Biko was, however, transported 1,200 kilometers to Pretoria—a 12-hour journey which he made lying naked in the back of a Land Rover. A few hours later, on September 12, alone and still naked, lying on the floor of a cell in the Pretoria Central Prison, Biko died from brain damage. The Apartheid Governments Response South African Minister of Justice James (Jimmy) Kruger initially suggested Biko had died of a hunger strike and said that his death left him cold. The hunger strike story was dropped after local and international media pressure, especially from Donald Woods, the editor of the East London Daily Dispatch. It was revealed in the inquest that Biko had died of brain damage, but the magistrate failed to find anyone responsible. He ruled that Biko had died as a result of injuries sustained during a scuffle with security police while in detention. An Anti-Apartheid Martyr The brutal circumstances of Bikos death caused a worldwide outcry and he became a martyr and symbol of black resistance to the oppressive apartheid regime. As a result, the South African government banned a number of individuals (including Donald Woods) and organizations, especially those Black Consciousness groups closely associated with Biko. The United Nations Security Council responded by finally imposing an arms embargo against South Africa. Bikos family sued the state for damages in 1979 and settled out of court for R65,000 (then equivalent to $25,000). The three doctors connected with Bikos case were initially exonerated by the South African Medical Disciplinary Committee. It was not until a second inquiry in 1985, eight years after Bikos death, that any action was taken against them. The police officers responsible for Bikos death applied for amnesty during the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings, which sat in Port Elizabeth in 1997. The Biko family did not ask the Commission to make a finding on his death. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa report, published by Macmillan in March 1999, said of Bikos death: The Commission finds that the death in detention of Mr Stephen Bantu Biko on 12 September 1977 was a gross human rights violation. Magistrate Marthinus Prins found that the members of the SAP were not implicated in his death. The magistrates finding contributed to the creation of a culture of impunity in the SAP. Despite the inquest finding no person responsible for his death, the Commission finds that, in view of the fact that Biko died in the custody of law enforcement officials, the probabilities are that he died as a result of injuries sustained during his detention. Legacy In 1987, Biko’s story was chronicled in the film  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cry Freedom.† The hit song Biko, by Peter Gabriel, honored Steve Bikos legacy in 1980. Stephen Biko remains a model and hero in the struggle for autonomy and self-determination for people around the world. His writings, his life work, and his tragic death were all historically crucial to the momentum and success of the South African anti-apartheid movement. Nelson Mandela called Biko the spark that lit a veld fire across South Africa. Sources Mangcu, Xolela. Biko, A Biography. Tafelberg, 2012.Sahoboss. â€Å"Stephen Bantu Biko.†Ã‚  South African History Online, 4 Dec. 2017.Woods, Donald. Biko. Paddington Press, 1978.